AndroidX is basically a big refactoring Google's made on their package structure. They changed the location of many classes to make it clearer which classes are bundled with the system and which ones aren't.
As stated on their docs:
We are rolling out a new package structure to make it clearer which packages are bundled with the Android operating system, and which are packaged with your app's APK. Going forward, the
android.*package hierarchy will be reserved for Android packages that ship with the operating system; other packages will be issued in the newandroidx.*package hierarchy.
The old support libs up to version 2728 will remain available as they are, but the new versions of the support lib will be released under the AndroidX package refactor, starting from version 1.0.0.
Also, as taken from their refactoring list:
Only the package and Maven artifact names are affected; class, method, and field names are not changing.
In other words, they're just organizing their libs. You can read more about that on their blog post.