Use of namespace in C++? [duplicate]

Question

#include "d3dApp.h" #include <WindowsX.h> #include <sstream> namespace { // This is just used to forward Windows messages from a global window // procedure to our member function window procedure because we cannot // assign a member function to WNDCLASS::lpfnWndProc. D3DApp* gd3dApp = 0; } LRESULT CALLBACK MainWndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { // Forward hwnd on because we can get messages (e.g., WM_CREATE) // before CreateWindow returns, and thus before mhMainWnd is valid. return gd3dApp->MsgProc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam); }

I am curious about this use of namespace in C++. I started reading the documentation on namespace and I saw a lot of examples calling a name for the namespace like "namespace first" but none without anything after the namespace declaration like this one.

This is an unnamed namespace stackoverflow.com/questions/154469/… — Yang
– Yang, Commented Aug 1, 2013 at 0:51
It's an anonymous namespace I think. I remember someone telling me the above is the C++ way to have non-external-linkage of global variables (whereas in C you declare them static). — dreamlax
– dreamlax, Commented Aug 1, 2013 at 0:51

zmb · Accepted Answer · 2013-08-01 00:56:18Z

This is an anonymous or unnamed namespace. Items in the namespace (just the gd3dApp in this example) are visible within a translation unit, but cannot be referred to externally because there is no name to qualify them with.

Note: this does not prevent external linkage. Take a look here: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/yct4x9k5(v=vs.80).aspx.

Although entities in an unnamed namespace might have external linkage, they are effectively qualified by a name unique to their translation unit and therefore can never be seen from any other translation unit.

This technique is slightly superior to static because it also works for typedefs (which can't be declared static).

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