Bash + GNU utilities, 58

factor|sed -r 's/.:$/-1/ s/.*: \w+$/1/ s%: %/% s/ .*//'|bc 

###Explanation

• factor reads input numbers from STDIN, one per line and outputs in the format <input number>: <space-separated list of prime factors (ascending)>
• sed processes this as follows:
  • s/.:$/-1/ The input numbers 0 and 1 have no prime factors and are replaced with -1
  • s/.*: \w+$/1/ Numbers with one prime factor (themselves) are prime. Replace these with 1
  • s%: %/% Replace : with /. This builds an arithmetic expression to divide the (non-prime) input number by its smallest prime factor to give the largest factor
  • s/ .*// Remove the list of other (unneeded) factors
• bc Arithmetically evaluate and display

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Bash + GNU utilities, 49

• 9 bytes saved thanks to @Cowsquack

factor|sed '/:$/c-1 /: \w+$/c1 s%: %/% y/ /#/'|bc 

###Explanation

• factor reads input numbers from STDIN, one per line and outputs in the format <input number>: <space-separated list of prime factors (ascending)>
• sed processes this as follows:
  • /:$/c-1 The input numbers 0 and 1 have no prime factors and are replaced with -1
  • /: \w+$/c1 Numbers with one prime factor (themselves) are prime. Replace these with 1
  • s%: %/% Replace : with /. This builds an arithmetic expression to divide the (non-prime) input number by its smallest prime factor to give the largest factor
  • y/ /#/ Remove the list of other (unneeded) factors (by commenting out)
• bc Arithmetically evaluate and display

Try it online!