Python 3, 98 83 bytes
f=lambda a,b,n=1,d=2:a>b and f(a-b,b,n*2+1,d*2)or a<b and f(a,b-a,n*2-1,d*2)or(n,d) Explanation: The sequence of turns starting from 1 down to the given fraction in the Stern-Brocot tree is identical to the sequence of turns starting from the given fraction going to 1 in the Calkin-Wilf tree. This makes it much simpler to get the sequence.
Improvement given by Bubbler's golf tipsBubbler. Original solution here.