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k=a*(1-e*e)to be reused inrandt. Divide 10 inrto remove*0.01int. \$\endgroup\$p=a-a*e*eis now available for a total savings of 6 bytes \$\endgroup\$a*(1-e*e)to(a-a*e*e)will help combine the formulas whereris calculated & used into one, eliminating need forrand the proposedk. I've introducedkfor a different purpose since akamayu's comment, to record longitude of 1st point plotted. By checkingkagainst longitude at start of each new orbit (within a margin) the iterations are stopped if the ground track starts to repeat (LCM of orbit and planet rotation period.) I've changed some variable names (including removal ofp) to facilitate explanation. \$\endgroup\$rinto one is a bigger savingt+=d*((a-a*e*e)**3/u)**0.5/(1+e*Math.cos(v+=d))**2. I am trying out several golf ideas and will post the golfed version in about 12 hours (as I have other things to do today) in addition to the ungolfed version. \$\endgroup\$