Is there some "unifying explanation" of existence of this interesting dissection of a side-1 regular octagon into six side-1 quadrilaterals (two squares and four rhombi) and the following correspondence? (Also has this dissection been mentioned somewhere?) The six quadrilaterals correspond to the six ways of choosing 2 out of 4 directions from the set (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°), and also correspond to the six coordinate planes (labeled in the image) in four-dimensional Euclidean space. Moreover, two 4D coordinate planes intersect in a single point if and only if two corresponding quadrilaterals intersect in a single point.
1 Answer
Behind this dissection of the regular octagon lies the combinatorial structure of the $2$-dimensional faces of the $4$-dimensional hypercube.
More generally, consider a $d$-dimensional hypercube. The vertices of this shape are given by sequences of length $d$ consisting of $0$s and $1$s. By projecting the point $e_k$, whose only nonzero coordinate is the $k$-th one, to $\left(\cos \frac{\pi (k-1)}{d}, \sin \frac{\pi (k-1)}{d}\right)$, the hypercube is projected onto a regular $2d$-gon. By appropriately choosing the 2-dimensional faces of this hypercube, we obtain a tiling of the regular $2d$-gon by rhombi. Below are illustrations for the cases $d=4$ and $d=5$.

There are multiple possible ways to choose the appropriate faces, but a standard choice is as follows: take all $2$-dimensional faces of the form
$$ \{(0,\dots,0,x,1,\dots,1,y,0,\dots,0)\mid 0\leq x,y\leq 1\}. $$
The figures above correspond to this particular choice. It is a fun puzzle to verify that the projections of these faces do not overlap and together form a tiling of the $2d$-gon.
