When you hit the limit. Set the following.

• INNODB utf8 VARCHAR(255)
• INNODB utf8mb4 VARCHAR(191)

If anyone is having issues with InnoDB and utf8 charset trying to put a UNIQUE index on a VARCHAR(256) field, switch it to VARCHAR(255). It seems 255 is the limitation.

MySQL assumes worst case for the number of bytes per character in the string. For the MySQL 'utf8' encoding, that's 3 bytes per character since that encoding doesn't allow characters beyond U+FFFF. For the MySQL 'utf8mb4' encoding, it's 4 bytes per character, since that's what MySQL calls actual UTF-8.

So assuming you're using 'utf8', your first column will take 60 bytes of the index, and your second another 1500.

Solution For Laravel Framework

As per Laravel 5.4.* documentation; You have to set the default string length inside the boot method of the app/Providers/AppServiceProvider.php file as follows:

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema; public function boot() { Schema::defaultStringLength(191); } 

Explanation of this fix, given by Laravel 5.4.* documentation:

Laravel uses the utf8mb4 character set by default, which includes support for storing "emojis" in the database. If you are running a version of MySQL older than the 5.7.7 release or MariaDB older than the 10.2.2 release, you may need to manually configure the default string length generated by migrations in order for MySQL to create indexes for them. You may configure this by calling the Schema::defaultStringLength method within your AppServiceProvider.

Alternatively, you may enable the innodb_large_prefix option for your database. Refer to your database's documentation for instructions on how to properly enable this option.

run this query before your query:

SET @@global.innodb_large_prefix = 1; 

this will increase limit to 3072 bytes.

What character encoding are you using? Some character sets (like UTF-16, et cetera) use more than one byte per character.

Replace utf8mb4 with utf8 in your import file.

But note that utf8 charset is deprecated and it does not support all Unicode characters, e.g. emojis, so you will lose full Unicode support if you do this.

I think varchar(20) only requires 21 bytes while varchar(500) only requires 501 bytes. So the total bytes are 522, less than 767. So why did I get the error message?

UTF8 requires 3 bytes per character to store the string, so in your case 20 + 500 characters = 20*3+500*3 = 1560 bytes which is more than allowed 767 bytes.

The limit for UTF8 is 767/3 = 255 characters, for UTF8mb4 which uses 4 bytes per character it is 767/4 = 191 characters.

There are two solutions to this problem if you need to use longer column than the limit:

1. Use "cheaper" encoding (the one that requires less bytes per character)
   In my case, I needed to add Unique index on column containing SEO string of article, as I use only [A-z0-9\-] characters for SEO, I used latin1_general_ci which uses only one byte per character and so column can have 767 bytes length.
2. Create hash from your column and use unique index only on that
   The other option for me was to create another column which would store hash of SEO, this column would have UNIQUE key to ensure SEO values are unique. I would also add KEY index to original SEO column to speed up look up.

The answer about why you get error message was already answered by many users here. My answer is about how to fix and use it as it be.

Refer from this link.

1. Open MySQL client (or MariaDB client). It is a command line tool.
2. It will ask your password, enter your correct password.
3. Select your database by using this command use my_database_name;

Database changed

4. set global innodb_large_prefix=on;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

5. set global innodb_file_format=Barracuda;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

6. Go to your database on phpMyAdmin or something like that for easy management. > Select database > View table structure > Go to Operations tab. > Change ROW_FORMAT to DYNAMIC and save changes.
7. Go to table's structure tab > Click on Unique button.
8. Done. Now it should has no errors.

The problem of this fix is if you export db to another server (for example from localhost to real host) and you cannot use MySQL command line in that server. You cannot make it work there.

Specified key was too long; max key length is 767 bytes 

You got that message because 1 byte equals 1 character only if you use the latin-1 character set. If you use utf8, each character will be considered 3 bytes when defining your key column. If you use utf8mb4, each character will be considered to be 4 bytes when defining your key column. Thus, you need to multiply your key field's character limit by, 1, 3, or 4 (in my example) to determine the number of bytes the key field is trying to allow. If you are using uft8mb4, you can only define 191 characters for a native, InnoDB, primary key field. Just don't breach 767 bytes.

5 workarounds:

The limit was raised in 5.7.7 (MariaDB 10.2.2?). And it can be increased with some work in 5.6 (10.1).

If you are hitting the limit because of trying to use CHARACTER SET utf8mb4. Then do one of the following (each has a drawback) to avoid the error:

⚈ Upgrade to 5.7.7 for 3072 byte limit -- your cloud may not provide this; ⚈ Change 255 to 191 on the VARCHAR -- you lose any values longer than 191 characters (unlikely?); ⚈ ALTER .. CONVERT TO utf8 -- you lose Emoji and some of Chinese; ⚈ Use a "prefix" index -- you lose some of the performance benefits. ⚈ Or... Stay with older version but perform 4 steps to raise the limit to 3072 bytes: SET GLOBAL innodb_file_format=Barracuda; SET GLOBAL innodb_file_per_table=1; SET GLOBAL innodb_large_prefix=1; logout & login (to get the global values); ALTER TABLE tbl ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC; -- (or COMPRESSED) 

-- http://mysql.rjweb.org/doc.php/limits#767_limit_in_innodb_indexes

you could add a column of the md5 of long columns

For laravel 5.7 to 9.0

Steps to followed

1. Go to App\Providers\AppServiceProvider.php.
2. Add this to provider use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema; in top.
3. Inside the Boot function Add this Schema::defaultStringLength(191);

that all, Enjoy.

We encountered this issue when trying to add a UNIQUE index to a VARCHAR(255) field using utf8mb4. While the problem is outlined well here already, I wanted to add some practical advice for how we figured this out and solved it.

When using utf8mb4, characters count as 4 bytes, whereas under utf8, they could as 3 bytes. InnoDB databases have a limit that indexes can only contain 767 bytes. So when using utf8, you can store 255 characters (767/3 = 255), but using utf8mb4, you can only store 191 characters (767/4 = 191).

You're absolutely able to add regular indexes for VARCHAR(255) fields using utf8mb4, but what happens is the index size is truncated at 191 characters automatically - like unique_key here:

This is fine, because regular indexes are just used to help MySQL search through your data more quickly. The whole field doesn't need to be indexed.

So, why does MySQL truncate the index automatically for regular indexes, but throw an explicit error when trying to do it for unique indexes? Well, for MySQL to be able to figure out if the value being inserted or updated already exists, it needs to actually index the whole value and not just part of it.

At the end of the day, if you want to have a unique index on a field, the entire contents of the field must fit into the index. For utf8mb4, this means reducing your VARCHAR field lengths to 191 characters or less. If you don't need utf8mb4 for that table or field, you can drop it back to utf8 and be able to keep your 255 length fields.

I fixed this issue with :

varchar(200) 

replaced with

varchar(191) 

all the unique or primary varchar keys which have more than 200 replace them with 191 or set them as text.

Here is my original answer:

I just drop database and recreate like this, and the error is gone:

drop database if exists rhodes; create database rhodes default CHARACTER set utf8 default COLLATE utf8_general_ci;

However, it doesn't work for all the cases.

It is actually a problem of using indexes on VARCHAR columns with the character set utf8 (or utf8mb4), with VARCHAR columns that have more than a certain length of characters. In the case of utf8mb4, that certain length is 191.

Please refer to the Long Index section in this article for more information how to use long indexes in MySQL database: http://hanoian.com/content/index.php/24-automate-the-converting-a-mysql-database-character-set-to-utf8mb4

To fix that, this works for me like a charm.

ALTER DATABASE dbname CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci; 

I did some search on this topic finally got some custom change

For MySQL workbench 6.3.7 Version Graphical inter phase is available

1. Start Workbench and select the connection.
2. Go to management or Instance and select Options File.
3. If Workbench ask you permission to read configuration file and then allow it by pressing OK two times.
4. At center place Administrator options file window comes.
5. Go To InnoDB tab and check the innodb_large_prefix if it not checked in the General section.
6. set innodb_default_row_format option value to DYNAMIC.

For Versions below 6.3.7 direct options are not available so need to go with command prompt

1. Start CMD as administrator.
2. Go To director where mysql server is install Most of cases its at "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.7\bin" so command is "cd \" "cd Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.7\bin".
3. Now Run command mysql -u userName -p databasescheema Now it asked for password of respective user. Provide password and enter into mysql prompt.
4. We have to set some global settings enter the below commands one by one set global innodb_large_prefix=on; set global innodb_file_format=barracuda; set global innodb_file_per_table=true;
5. Now at the last we have to alter the ROW_FORMAT of required table by default its COMPACT we have to set it to DYNAMIC.
6. use following command alter table table_name ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC;
7. Done

Index Lengths & MySQL / MariaDB

Laravel uses the utf8mb4 character set by default, which includes support for storing "emojis" in the database. If you are running a version of MySQL older than the 5.7.7 release or MariaDB older than the 10.2.2 release, you may need to manually configure the default string length generated by migrations in order for MySQL to create indexes for them. You may configure this by calling the Schema::defaultStringLength method within your AppServiceProvider:

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema; /** * Bootstrap any application services. * * @return void */ public function boot() { Schema::defaultStringLength(191); } 

Alternatively, you may enable the innodb_large_prefix option for your database. Refer to your database's documentation for instructions on how to properly enable this option.

Reference from blog : https://www.scratchcode.io/specified-key-too-long-error-in-laravel/

Reference from Official laravel documentation : https://laravel.com/docs/5.7/migrations

This solved my issue

ALTER DATABASE dbname CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;

change your collation. You can use utf8_general_ci that supports almost all

Just changing utf8mb4 to utf8 when creating tables solved my problem. For example: CREATE TABLE ... DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci; to CREATE TABLE ... DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_unicode_ci;.

Based on the column given below, those 2 variable string columns are using utf8_general_ci collation (utf8 charset is implied).

In MySQL, utf8 charset uses a maximum of 3 bytes for each character. Thus, it would need to allocate 500*3=1500 bytes, which is much greater than the 767 bytes MySQL allows. That's why you are getting this 1071 error.

In other words, you need to calculate the character count based on the charset's byte representation as not every charset is a single byte representation (as you presumed.) I.E. utf8 in MySQL is uses at most 3-byte per character, 767/3≈255 characters, and for utf8mb4, an at most 4-byte representation, 767/4≈191 characters.

It's also known that MySQL

column1 varchar(20) utf8_general_ci column2 varchar(500) utf8_general_ci 

In my case, I had this problem when I was backing up a database using the linux redirection output/input characters. Therefore, I change the syntax as described below. PS: using a linux or mac terminal.

Backup (without the > redirect)

# mysqldump -u root -p databasename -r bkp.sql 

Restore (without the < redirect )

# mysql -u root -p --default-character-set=utf8 databasename mysql> SET names 'utf8' mysql> SOURCE bkp.sql 

The error "Specified key was too long; max key length is 767 bytes" simple disappeared.

I found this query useful for detecting which columns had an index violating the max key length:

SELECT c.TABLE_NAME As TableName, c.COLUMN_NAME AS ColumnName, c.DATA_TYPE AS DataType, c.CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH AS ColumnLength, s.INDEX_NAME AS IndexName FROM information_schema.COLUMNS AS c INNER JOIN information_schema.statistics AS s ON s.table_name = c.TABLE_NAME AND s.COLUMN_NAME = c.COLUMN_NAME WHERE c.TABLE_SCHEMA = DATABASE() AND c.CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH > 191 AND c.DATA_TYPE IN ('char', 'varchar', 'text') 

Please check if sql_mode is like

sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES 

if it is, change to

sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION 

OR

restart your server changing your my.cnf file (putting following)

innodb_large_prefix=on 

Due to prefix limitations this error will occur. 767 bytes is the stated prefix limitation for InnoDB tables in MySQL versions before 5.7 . It's 1,000 bytes long for MyISAM tables. In MySQL version 5.7 and upwards this limit has been increased to 3072 bytes.

Running the following on the service giving you the error should resolve your issue. This has to be run in the MYSQL CLI.

SET GLOBAL innodb_file_format=Barracuda; SET GLOBAL innodb_file_per_table=on; SET GLOBAL innodb_large_prefix=on; 

The Problem

There are max key length limits in MySQL.

• InnoDB — max key length is 1,536 bytes (for 8kb page size) and 768 (for 4kb page size) (Source: Dev.MySQL.com).
• MyISAM — max key length is 1,000 bytes (Source Dev.MySQL.com).

These are counted in bytes! So, a UTF-8 character may take more than one byte to be stored into the key.

Therefore, you have only two immediate solutions:

• Index only the first n'th characters of the text type.
• Create a FULL TEXT search — Everything will be Searchable within the Text, in a fashion similar to ElasticSearch

Indexing the First N'th Characters of a Text Type

If you are creating a table, use the following syntax to index some field's first 255 characters: KEY sometextkey (SomeText(255)). Like so:

CREATE TABLE `MyTable` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, `SomeText` TEXT NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `sometextkey` (`SomeText`(255)) ); 

If you already have the table, then you can add a unique key to a field with: ADD UNIQUE(ConfigValue(20));. Like so:

ALTER TABLE MyTable ADD UNIQUE(`ConfigValue`(20)); 

If the name of the field is not a reserved MySQL keyword, then the backticks (```) are not necessary around the fieldname.

Creating a FULL TEXT Search

A Full Text search will allow you to search the entirety of the value of your TEXT field. It will do whole-word matching if you use NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE, or partial word matching if you use one of the other modes. See more on the options for FullText here: Dev.MySQL.com

Create your table with the text, and add the Full text index...

ALTER TABLE MyTable ADD FULLTEXT INDEX `SomeTextKey` (`SomeTextField` DESC); 

Then search your table like so...

SELECT MyTable.id, MyTable.Title, MATCH (MyTable.Text) AGAINST ('foobar' IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE) AS score FROM MyTable HAVING score > 0 ORDER BY score DESC; 

I have changes from varchar to nvarchar, works for me.