Why do I get a "variable might not have been initialized" compiler error in my switch block?

Question

I'm encountering "a variable might not have been initialized" error when using switch block.

Here is my code:

public static void foo(int month) { String monthString; switch (month) { case 1: monthString = "January"; break; case 2: monthString = "February"; break; } System.out.println(monthString); }

The error:

Switch.java:17: error: variable monthString might not have been initialized System.out.println (monthString);

To my knowledge this error occurs when you try access a variable you have not initialized, but am I not initializing it when I assign it the value in the switch block?

Similarly, even if the month is a compile-time constant, I still receive the same error:

public static void foo() { int month = 2; String monthString; switch (month) { case 1: monthString = "January"; break; case 2: monthString = "February"; break; } System.out.println(monthString); }

What if month variable is 4 or -1? You should add default: section to your switch to handle all other cases (when month < 1 or month >3). — Sam Protsenko
– Sam Protsenko, Commented Mar 2, 2015 at 22:31

Michael · Accepted Answer · 2019-01-05 13:35:00Z

If month isn't 1 or 2 then there is no statement in the execution path that initializes monthString before it's referenced. The compiler won't assume that the month variable retains its 2 value, even if month is final.

The JLS, Chapter 16, talks about "definite assignment" and the conditions under which a variable may be "definitely assigned" before it's referenced.

Except for the special treatment of the conditional boolean operators &&, ||, and ? : and of boolean-valued constant expressions, the values of expressions are not taken into account in the flow analysis.

The variable monthString is not definitely assigned prior to being referenced.

Initialize it before the switch block.

String monthString = "unrecognized month";

Or initialize it in a default case in the switch statement.

default: monthString = "unrecognized month";

Or throw an exception

default: throw new RuntimeExpception("unrecognized month " + month);

Mustafa Poya · Accepted Answer · 2022-11-13 04:42:38Z

This may works fine.

public static void foo(int month) { String monthString; switch (month) { case 1: monthString = "January"; break; case 2: monthString = "February"; break; default:monthString = "Invalid month"; } System.out.println(monthString); }

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