How to read a single character from the user?

sys.stdin.read(1) 

will basically read 1 byte from STDIN.

If you must use the method which does not wait for the \n you can use this code as suggested in previous answer:

class _Getch: """Gets a single character from standard input. Does not echo to the screen.""" def __init__(self): try: self.impl = _GetchWindows() except ImportError: self.impl = _GetchUnix() def __call__(self): return self.impl() class _GetchUnix: def __init__(self): import tty, sys def __call__(self): import sys, tty, termios fd = sys.stdin.fileno() old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd) try: tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno()) ch = sys.stdin.read(1) finally: termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings) return ch class _GetchWindows: def __init__(self): import msvcrt def __call__(self): import msvcrt return msvcrt.getch() getch = _Getch() 

(taken from http://code.activestate.com/recipes/134892/)

Worth trying is the readchar library, which is in part based on the ActiveState recipe mentioned in other answers (but has come a long way since).

Installation:

python -m pip install readchar 

Usage:

import readchar print('Reading a char:') print(repr(readchar.readchar())) print('Reading a key:') print(repr(readchar.readkey())) 

This was tested on Windows and Linux with Python 3.9. It should also work in PyCharm terminal.

Keycodes are not always the same between Windows and Linux, but the library provides platform-specific definitions like readchar.key.F1 to help with that.

Since Linux reports most special keys as escape sequences (starting with \x1b), readkey() gets confused if you hit the actual Escape key (reported by the terminal as a solitary \x1b). This is unfortunately a common Unix problem, with no truly reliable solution.

Note that while readkey raises KeyboardInterrupt on Ctrl+C (see readchar.config), other Linux signal keys (e.g. Ctrl+D and Ctrl+Z) are caught and returned (as '\x04' and '\x1a' respectively), which may or may not be desirable.

For an input prompt-like functionality similar to Python's input(), consider this issue.

The ActiveState recipe quoted verbatim in two answers is over-engineered. It can be boiled down to this:

def _find_getch(): try: import termios except ImportError: # Non-POSIX. Return msvcrt's (Windows') getch. import msvcrt return msvcrt.getch # POSIX system. Create and return a getch that manipulates the tty. import sys, tty def _getch(): fd = sys.stdin.fileno() old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd) try: tty.setraw(fd) ch = sys.stdin.read(1) finally: termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings) return ch return _getch getch = _find_getch() 

An alternative method:

import os import sys import termios import fcntl def getch(): fd = sys.stdin.fileno() oldterm = termios.tcgetattr(fd) newattr = termios.tcgetattr(fd) newattr[3] = newattr[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, newattr) oldflags = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFL) fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags | os.O_NONBLOCK) try: while 1: try: c = sys.stdin.read(1) break except IOError: pass finally: termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, oldterm) fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags) return c 

From this blog post.

The (currently) top-ranked answer (with the ActiveState code) is overly complicated. I don't see a reason to use classes when a mere function should suffice. Below are two implementations that accomplish the same thing but with more readable code.

Both of these implementations:

1. work just fine in Python 2 or Python 3
2. work on Windows, OSX, and Linux
3. read just one byte (i.e., they don't wait for a newline)
4. don't depend on any external libraries
5. are self-contained (no code outside of the function definition)

Version 1: readable and simple

def getChar(): try: # for Windows-based systems import msvcrt # If successful, we are on Windows return msvcrt.getch() except ImportError: # for POSIX-based systems (with termios & tty support) import tty, sys, termios # raises ImportError if unsupported fd = sys.stdin.fileno() oldSettings = termios.tcgetattr(fd) try: tty.setcbreak(fd) answer = sys.stdin.read(1) finally: termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, oldSettings) return answer 

Version 2: avoid repeated imports and exception handling:

[EDIT] I missed one advantage of the ActiveState code. If you plan to read characters multiple times, that code avoids the (negligible) cost of repeating the Windows import and the ImportError exception handling on Unix-like systems. While you probably should be more concerned about code readability than that negligible optimization, here is an alternative (it is similar to Louis's answer, but getChar() is self-contained) that functions the same as the ActiveState code and is more readable:

def getChar(): # figure out which function to use once, and store it in _func if "_func" not in getChar.__dict__: try: # for Windows-based systems import msvcrt # If successful, we are on Windows getChar._func=msvcrt.getch except ImportError: # for POSIX-based systems (with termios & tty support) import tty, sys, termios # raises ImportError if unsupported def _ttyRead(): fd = sys.stdin.fileno() oldSettings = termios.tcgetattr(fd) try: tty.setcbreak(fd) answer = sys.stdin.read(1) finally: termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, oldSettings) return answer getChar._func=_ttyRead return getChar._func() 

Example code that exercises either of the getChar() versions above:

from __future__ import print_function # put at top of file if using Python 2 # Example of a prompt for one character of input promptStr = "Please give me a character:" responseStr = "Thank you for giving me a '{}'." print(promptStr, end="\n> ") answer = getChar() print("\n") print(responseStr.format(answer)) 

This code, based off here, will correctly raise KeyboardInterrupt and EOFError if Ctrl+C or Ctrl+D are pressed.

Should work on Windows and Linux. An OS X version is available from the original source.

class _Getch: """Gets a single character from standard input. Does not echo to the screen.""" def __init__(self): try: self.impl = _GetchWindows() except ImportError: self.impl = _GetchUnix() def __call__(self): char = self.impl() if char == '\x03': raise KeyboardInterrupt elif char == '\x04': raise EOFError return char class _GetchUnix: def __init__(self): import tty import sys def __call__(self): import sys import tty import termios fd = sys.stdin.fileno() old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd) try: tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno()) ch = sys.stdin.read(1) finally: termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings) return ch class _GetchWindows: def __init__(self): import msvcrt def __call__(self): import msvcrt return msvcrt.getch() getch = _Getch() 

You could use click. It's well-tested and works on Linux, Mac & Windows.

import click print('Continue? [yn] ') c = click.getchar() # Gets a single character if c == 'y': print('We will go on') elif c == 'n': print('Abort!') else: print('Invalid input :(') 

Try using this: http://home.wlu.edu/~levys/software/kbhit.py It's non-blocking (that means that you can have a while loop and detect a key press without stopping it) and cross-platform.

import os # Windows if os.name == 'nt': import msvcrt # Posix (Linux, OS X) else: import sys import termios import atexit from select import select class KBHit: def __init__(self): '''Creates a KBHit object that you can call to do various keyboard things.''' if os.name == 'nt': pass else: # Save the terminal settings self.fd = sys.stdin.fileno() self.new_term = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd) self.old_term = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd) # New terminal setting unbuffered self.new_term[3] = (self.new_term[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO) termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.new_term) # Support normal-terminal reset at exit atexit.register(self.set_normal_term) def set_normal_term(self): ''' Resets to normal terminal. On Windows this is a no-op. ''' if os.name == 'nt': pass else: termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.old_term) def getch(self): ''' Returns a keyboard character after kbhit() has been called. Should not be called in the same program as getarrow(). ''' s = '' if os.name == 'nt': return msvcrt.getch().decode('utf-8') else: return sys.stdin.read(1) def getarrow(self): ''' Returns an arrow-key code after kbhit() has been called. Codes are 0 : up 1 : right 2 : down 3 : left Should not be called in the same program as getch(). ''' if os.name == 'nt': msvcrt.getch() # skip 0xE0 c = msvcrt.getch() vals = [72, 77, 80, 75] else: c = sys.stdin.read(3)[2] vals = [65, 67, 66, 68] return vals.index(ord(c.decode('utf-8'))) def kbhit(self): ''' Returns True if keyboard character was hit, False otherwise. ''' if os.name == 'nt': return msvcrt.kbhit() else: dr,dw,de = select([sys.stdin], [], [], 0) return dr != [] 

An example to use this:

import kbhit kb = kbhit.KBHit() while(True): print("Key not pressed") #Do something if kb.kbhit(): #If a key is pressed: k_in = kb.getch() #Detect what key was pressed print("You pressed ", k_in, "!") #Do something kb.set_normal_term() 

Or you could use the getch module from PyPi. But this would block the while loop

The answers here were informative, however I also wanted a way to get key presses asynchronously and fire off key presses in separate events, all in a thread-safe, cross-platform way. PyGame was also too bloated for me. So I made the following (in Python 2.7 but I suspect it's easily portable), which I figured I'd share here in case it was useful for anyone else. I stored this in a file named keyPress.py.

class _Getch: """Gets a single character from standard input. Does not echo to the screen. From http://code.activestate.com/recipes/134892/""" def __init__(self): try: self.impl = _GetchWindows() except ImportError: try: self.impl = _GetchMacCarbon() except(AttributeError, ImportError): self.impl = _GetchUnix() def __call__(self): return self.impl() class _GetchUnix: def __init__(self): import tty, sys, termios # import termios now or else you'll get the Unix version on the Mac def __call__(self): import sys, tty, termios fd = sys.stdin.fileno() old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd) try: tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno()) ch = sys.stdin.read(1) finally: termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings) return ch class _GetchWindows: def __init__(self): import msvcrt def __call__(self): import msvcrt return msvcrt.getch() class _GetchMacCarbon: """ A function which returns the current ASCII key that is down; if no ASCII key is down, the null string is returned. The page http://www.mactech.com/macintosh-c/chap02-1.html was very helpful in figuring out how to do this. """ def __init__(self): import Carbon Carbon.Evt #see if it has this (in Unix, it doesn't) def __call__(self): import Carbon if Carbon.Evt.EventAvail(0x0008)[0]==0: # 0x0008 is the keyDownMask return '' else: # # The event contains the following info: # (what,msg,when,where,mod)=Carbon.Evt.GetNextEvent(0x0008)[1] # # The message (msg) contains the ASCII char which is # extracted with the 0x000000FF charCodeMask; this # number is converted to an ASCII character with chr() and # returned # (what,msg,when,where,mod)=Carbon.Evt.GetNextEvent(0x0008)[1] return chr(msg & 0x000000FF) import threading # From https://stackoverflow.com/a/2022629/2924421 class Event(list): def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): for f in self: f(*args, **kwargs) def __repr__(self): return "Event(%s)" % list.__repr__(self) def getKey(): inkey = _Getch() import sys for i in xrange(sys.maxint): k=inkey() if k<>'':break return k class KeyCallbackFunction(): callbackParam = None actualFunction = None def __init__(self, actualFunction, callbackParam): self.actualFunction = actualFunction self.callbackParam = callbackParam def doCallback(self, inputKey): if not self.actualFunction is None: if self.callbackParam is None: callbackFunctionThread = threading.Thread(target=self.actualFunction, args=(inputKey,)) else: callbackFunctionThread = threading.Thread(target=self.actualFunction, args=(inputKey,self.callbackParam)) callbackFunctionThread.daemon = True callbackFunctionThread.start() class KeyCapture(): gotKeyLock = threading.Lock() gotKeys = [] gotKeyEvent = threading.Event() keyBlockingSetKeyLock = threading.Lock() addingEventsLock = threading.Lock() keyReceiveEvents = Event() keysGotLock = threading.Lock() keysGot = [] keyBlockingKeyLockLossy = threading.Lock() keyBlockingKeyLossy = None keyBlockingEventLossy = threading.Event() keysBlockingGotLock = threading.Lock() keysBlockingGot = [] keyBlockingGotEvent = threading.Event() wantToStopLock = threading.Lock() wantToStop = False stoppedLock = threading.Lock() stopped = True isRunningEvent = False getKeyThread = None keyFunction = None keyArgs = None # Begin capturing keys. A seperate thread is launched that # captures key presses, and then these can be received via get, # getAsync, and adding an event via addEvent. Note that this # will prevent the system to accept keys as normal (say, if # you are in a python shell) because it overrides that key # capturing behavior. # If you start capture when it's already been started, a # InterruptedError("Keys are still being captured") # will be thrown # Note that get(), getAsync() and events are independent, so if a key is pressed: # # 1: Any calls to get() that are waiting, with lossy on, will return # that key # 2: It will be stored in the queue of get keys, so that get() with lossy # off will return the oldest key pressed not returned by get() yet. # 3: All events will be fired with that key as their input # 4: It will be stored in the list of getAsync() keys, where that list # will be returned and set to empty list on the next call to getAsync(). # get() call with it, aand add it to the getAsync() list. def startCapture(self, keyFunction=None, args=None): # Make sure we aren't already capturing keys self.stoppedLock.acquire() if not self.stopped: self.stoppedLock.release() raise InterruptedError("Keys are still being captured") return self.stopped = False self.stoppedLock.release() # If we have captured before, we need to allow the get() calls to actually # wait for key presses now by clearing the event if self.keyBlockingEventLossy.is_set(): self.keyBlockingEventLossy.clear() # Have one function that we call every time a key is captured, intended for stopping capture # as desired self.keyFunction = keyFunction self.keyArgs = args # Begin capturing keys (in a seperate thread) self.getKeyThread = threading.Thread(target=self._threadProcessKeyPresses) self.getKeyThread.daemon = True self.getKeyThread.start() # Process key captures (in a seperate thread) self.getKeyThread = threading.Thread(target=self._threadStoreKeyPresses) self.getKeyThread.daemon = True self.getKeyThread.start() def capturing(self): self.stoppedLock.acquire() isCapturing = not self.stopped self.stoppedLock.release() return isCapturing # Stops the thread that is capturing keys on the first opporunity # has to do so. It usually can't stop immediately because getting a key # is a blocking process, so this will probably stop capturing after the # next key is pressed. # # However, Sometimes if you call stopCapture it will stop before starting capturing the # next key, due to multithreading race conditions. So if you want to stop capturing # reliably, call stopCapture in a function added via addEvent. Then you are # guaranteed that capturing will stop immediately after the rest of the callback # functions are called (before starting to capture the next key). def stopCapture(self): self.wantToStopLock.acquire() self.wantToStop = True self.wantToStopLock.release() # Takes in a function that will be called every time a key is pressed (with that # key passed in as the first paramater in that function) def addEvent(self, keyPressEventFunction, args=None): self.addingEventsLock.acquire() callbackHolder = KeyCallbackFunction(keyPressEventFunction, args) self.keyReceiveEvents.append(callbackHolder.doCallback) self.addingEventsLock.release() def clearEvents(self): self.addingEventsLock.acquire() self.keyReceiveEvents = Event() self.addingEventsLock.release() # Gets a key captured by this KeyCapture, blocking until a key is pressed. # There is an optional lossy paramater: # If True all keys before this call are ignored, and the next pressed key # will be returned. # If False this will return the oldest key captured that hasn't # been returned by get yet. False is the default. def get(self, lossy=False): if lossy: # Wait for the next key to be pressed self.keyBlockingEventLossy.wait() self.keyBlockingKeyLockLossy.acquire() keyReceived = self.keyBlockingKeyLossy self.keyBlockingKeyLockLossy.release() return keyReceived else: while True: # Wait until a key is pressed self.keyBlockingGotEvent.wait() # Get the key pressed readKey = None self.keysBlockingGotLock.acquire() # Get a key if it exists if len(self.keysBlockingGot) != 0: readKey = self.keysBlockingGot.pop(0) # If we got the last one, tell us to wait if len(self.keysBlockingGot) == 0: self.keyBlockingGotEvent.clear() self.keysBlockingGotLock.release() # Process the key (if it actually exists) if not readKey is None: return readKey # Exit if we are stopping self.wantToStopLock.acquire() if self.wantToStop: self.wantToStopLock.release() return None self.wantToStopLock.release() def clearGetList(self): self.keysBlockingGotLock.acquire() self.keysBlockingGot = [] self.keysBlockingGotLock.release() # Gets a list of all keys pressed since the last call to getAsync, in order # from first pressed, second pressed, .., most recent pressed def getAsync(self): self.keysGotLock.acquire(); keysPressedList = list(self.keysGot) self.keysGot = [] self.keysGotLock.release() return keysPressedList def clearAsyncList(self): self.keysGotLock.acquire(); self.keysGot = [] self.keysGotLock.release(); def _processKey(self, readKey): # Append to list for GetKeyAsync self.keysGotLock.acquire() self.keysGot.append(readKey) self.keysGotLock.release() # Call lossy blocking key events self.keyBlockingKeyLockLossy.acquire() self.keyBlockingKeyLossy = readKey self.keyBlockingEventLossy.set() self.keyBlockingEventLossy.clear() self.keyBlockingKeyLockLossy.release() # Call non-lossy blocking key events self.keysBlockingGotLock.acquire() self.keysBlockingGot.append(readKey) if len(self.keysBlockingGot) == 1: self.keyBlockingGotEvent.set() self.keysBlockingGotLock.release() # Call events added by AddEvent self.addingEventsLock.acquire() self.keyReceiveEvents(readKey) self.addingEventsLock.release() def _threadProcessKeyPresses(self): while True: # Wait until a key is pressed self.gotKeyEvent.wait() # Get the key pressed readKey = None self.gotKeyLock.acquire() # Get a key if it exists if len(self.gotKeys) != 0: readKey = self.gotKeys.pop(0) # If we got the last one, tell us to wait if len(self.gotKeys) == 0: self.gotKeyEvent.clear() self.gotKeyLock.release() # Process the key (if it actually exists) if not readKey is None: self._processKey(readKey) # Exit if we are stopping self.wantToStopLock.acquire() if self.wantToStop: self.wantToStopLock.release() break self.wantToStopLock.release() def _threadStoreKeyPresses(self): while True: # Get a key readKey = getKey() # Run the potential shut down function if not self.keyFunction is None: self.keyFunction(readKey, self.keyArgs) # Add the key to the list of pressed keys self.gotKeyLock.acquire() self.gotKeys.append(readKey) if len(self.gotKeys) == 1: self.gotKeyEvent.set() self.gotKeyLock.release() # Exit if we are stopping self.wantToStopLock.acquire() if self.wantToStop: self.wantToStopLock.release() self.gotKeyEvent.set() break self.wantToStopLock.release() # If we have reached here we stopped capturing # All we need to do to clean up is ensure that # all the calls to .get() now return None. # To ensure no calls are stuck never returning, # we will leave the event set so any tasks waiting # for it immediately exit. This will be unset upon # starting key capturing again. self.stoppedLock.acquire() # We also need to set this to True so we can start up # capturing again. self.stopped = True self.stopped = True self.keyBlockingKeyLockLossy.acquire() self.keyBlockingKeyLossy = None self.keyBlockingEventLossy.set() self.keyBlockingKeyLockLossy.release() self.keysBlockingGotLock.acquire() self.keyBlockingGotEvent.set() self.keysBlockingGotLock.release() self.stoppedLock.release() 

The idea is that you can either simply call keyPress.getKey(), which will read a key from the keyboard, then return it.

If you want something more than that, I made a KeyCapture object. You can create one via something like keys = keyPress.KeyCapture().

Then there are three things you can do:

addEvent(functionName) takes in any function that takes in one parameter. Then every time a key is pressed, this function will be called with that key's string as it's input. These are ran in a separate thread, so you can block all you want in them and it won't mess up the functionality of the KeyCapturer nor delay the other events.

get() returns a key in the same blocking way as before. It is now needed here because the keys are being captured via the KeyCapture object now, so keyPress.getKey() would conflict with that behavior and both of them would miss some keys since only one key can be captured at a time. Also, say the user presses 'a', then 'b', you call get(), the user presses 'c'. That get() call will immediately return 'a', then if you call it again it will return 'b', then 'c'. If you call it again it will block until another key is pressed. This ensures that you don't miss any keys, in a blocking way if desired. So in this way it's a little different than keyPress.getKey() from before

If you want the behavior of getKey() back, get(lossy=True) is like get(), except that it only returns keys pressed after the call to get(). So in the above example, get() would block until the user presses 'c', and then if you call it again it will block until another key is pressed.

getAsync() is a little different. It's designed for something that does a lot of processing, then occasionally comes back and checks which keys were pressed. Thus getAsync() returns a list of all the keys pressed since the last call to getAsync(), in order from oldest key pressed to most recent key pressed. It also doesn't block, meaning that if no keys have been pressed since the last call to getAsync(), an empty [] will be returned.

To actually start capturing keys, you need to call keys.startCapture() with your keys object made above. startCapture is non-blocking, and simply starts one thread that just records the key presses, and another thread to process those key presses. There are two threads to ensure that the thread that records key presses doesn't miss any keys.

If you want to stop capturing keys, you can call keys.stopCapture() and it will stop capturing keys. However, since capturing a key is a blocking operation, the thread capturing keys might capture one more key after calling stopCapture().

To prevent this, you can pass in an optional parameter(s) into startCapture(functionName, args) of a function that just does something like checks if a key equals 'c' and then exits. It's important that this function does very little before, for example, a sleep here will cause us to miss keys.

However, if stopCapture() is called in this function, key captures will be stopped immediately, without trying to capture any more, and that all get() calls will be returned immediately, with None if no keys have been pressed yet.

Also, since get() and getAsync() store all the previous keys pressed (until you retrieve them), you can call clearGetList() and clearAsyncList() to forget the keys previously pressed.

Note that get(), getAsync() and events are independent, so if a key is pressed:

1. One call to get() that is waiting, with lossy on, will return that key. The other waiting calls (if any) will continue waiting.
2. That key will be stored in the queue of get keys, so that get() with lossy off will return the oldest key pressed not returned by get() yet.
3. All events will be fired with that key as their input
4. That key will be stored in the list of getAsync() keys, where that lis twill be returned and set to empty list on the next call to getAsync()

If all this is too much, here is an example use case:

import keyPress import time import threading def KeyPressed(k, printLock): printLock.acquire() print "Event: " + k printLock.release() time.sleep(4) printLock.acquire() print "Event after delay: " + k printLock.release() def GetKeyBlocking(keys, printLock): while keys.capturing(): keyReceived = keys.get() time.sleep(1) printLock.acquire() if not keyReceived is None: print "Block " + keyReceived else: print "Block None" printLock.release() def GetKeyBlockingLossy(keys, printLock): while keys.capturing(): keyReceived = keys.get(lossy=True) time.sleep(1) printLock.acquire() if not keyReceived is None: print "Lossy: " + keyReceived else: print "Lossy: None" printLock.release() def CheckToClose(k, (keys, printLock)): printLock.acquire() print "Close: " + k printLock.release() if k == "c": keys.stopCapture() printLock = threading.Lock() print "Press a key:" print "You pressed: " + keyPress.getKey() print "" keys = keyPress.KeyCapture() keys.addEvent(KeyPressed, printLock) print "Starting capture" keys.startCapture(CheckToClose, (keys, printLock)) getKeyBlockingThread = threading.Thread(target=GetKeyBlocking, args=(keys, printLock)) getKeyBlockingThread.daemon = True getKeyBlockingThread.start() getKeyBlockingThreadLossy = threading.Thread(target=GetKeyBlockingLossy, args=(keys, printLock)) getKeyBlockingThreadLossy.daemon = True getKeyBlockingThreadLossy.start() while keys.capturing(): keysPressed = keys.getAsync() printLock.acquire() if keysPressed != []: print "Async: " + str(keysPressed) printLock.release() time.sleep(1) print "done capturing" 

It is working well for me from the simple test I made, but I will happily take others feedback as well if there is something I missed.

I posted this here as well.

TL;DR: here is your no-dependencies-crossplatform maximum density copy-pasta

I know I was looking for that ☝️. You came here from google and want something that will just work without pip install this-and-that? I'm fairly sure this solution will continue working for a long time.

# -------------------------------- Unix -------------------------------- import os import termios import tty import sys def getch_nix(): """Get char, reads single character OR key combination without enter.""" try: old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(sys.stdin.fileno()) # Save terminal settings. tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno()) # Terminal settings to raw mode; read w/o enter. char = sys.stdin.read(1) # Read first character in blocking mode to wait input. os.set_blocking(sys.stdin.fileno(), False) # Set stdin to non-blocking mode. return char + "".join(iter(lambda: sys.stdin.read(1), "")) # Iter to dump buff. finally: # Restore blocking mode and old terminal settings. os.set_blocking(sys.stdin.fileno(), True) termios.tcsetattr(sys.stdin.fileno(), termios.TCSANOW, old_settings) # -------------------------------- Windows -------------------------------- import msvcrt def getch_win(): """Get char, reads single character OR key combination without enter.""" # First getch call starts reading, other calls in iter dump kb buffer if non-empty. return msvcrt.getch() + b''.join(msvcrt.getch() for _ in iter(msvcrt.kbhit, False)) 

This might be a use case for a context manager. Leaving aside allowances for Windows OS, here's my suggestion:

#!/usr/bin/env python3 # file: 'readchar.py' """ Implementation of a way to get a single character of input without waiting for the user to hit <Enter>. (OS is Linux, Ubuntu 14.04) """ import tty, sys, termios class ReadChar(): def __enter__(self): self.fd = sys.stdin.fileno() self.old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd) tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno()) return sys.stdin.read(1) def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback): termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, self.old_settings) def test(): while True: with ReadChar() as rc: char = rc if ord(char) <= 32: print("You entered character with ordinal {}."\ .format(ord(char))) else: print("You entered character '{}'."\ .format(char)) if char in "^C^D": sys.exit() if __name__ == "__main__": test() 

The ActiveState's recipe seems to contain a little bug for "posix" systems that prevents Ctrl-C from interrupting (I'm using Mac). If I put the following code in my script:

while(True): print(getch()) 

I will never be able to terminate the script with Ctrl-C, and I have to kill my terminal to escape.

I believe the following line is the cause, and it's also too brutal:

tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno()) 

Asides from that, package tty is not really needed, termios is enough to handle it.

Below is the improved code that works for me (Ctrl-C will interrupt), with the extra getche function that echo the char as you type:

if sys.platform == 'win32': import msvcrt getch = msvcrt.getch getche = msvcrt.getche else: import sys import termios def __gen_ch_getter(echo): def __fun(): fd = sys.stdin.fileno() oldattr = termios.tcgetattr(fd) newattr = oldattr[:] try: if echo: # disable ctrl character printing, otherwise, backspace will be printed as "^?" lflag = ~(termios.ICANON | termios.ECHOCTL) else: lflag = ~(termios.ICANON | termios.ECHO) newattr[3] &= lflag termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, newattr) ch = sys.stdin.read(1) if echo and ord(ch) == 127: # backspace # emulate backspace erasing # https://stackoverflow.com/a/47962872/404271 sys.stdout.write('\b \b') finally: termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, oldattr) return ch return __fun getch = __gen_ch_getter(False) getche = __gen_ch_getter(True) 

References:

• https://pypi.python.org/pypi/getch

If I'm doing something complicated I'll use curses to read keys. But a lot of times I just want a simple Python 3 script that uses the standard library and can read arrow keys, so I do this:

import sys, termios, tty key_Enter = 13 key_Esc = 27 key_Up = '\033[A' key_Dn = '\033[B' key_Rt = '\033[C' key_Lt = '\033[D' fdInput = sys.stdin.fileno() termAttr = termios.tcgetattr(0) def getch(): tty.setraw(fdInput) ch = sys.stdin.buffer.raw.read(4).decode(sys.stdin.encoding) if len(ch) == 1: if ord(ch) < 32 or ord(ch) > 126: ch = ord(ch) elif ord(ch[0]) == 27: ch = '\033' + ch[1:] termios.tcsetattr(fdInput, termios.TCSADRAIN, termAttr) return ch 

This is NON-BLOCKING, reads a key and and stores it in keypress.key.

import Tkinter as tk class Keypress: def __init__(self): self.root = tk.Tk() self.root.geometry('300x200') self.root.bind('<KeyPress>', self.onKeyPress) def onKeyPress(self, event): self.key = event.char def __eq__(self, other): return self.key == other def __str__(self): return self.key 

in your programm

keypress = Keypress() while something: do something if keypress == 'c': break elif keypress == 'i': print('info') else: print("i dont understand %s" % keypress) 

A comment in one of the other answers mentioned cbreak mode, which is important for Unix implementations because you generally don't want ^C (KeyboardError) to be consumed by getchar (as it will when you set the terminal to raw mode, as done by most other answers).

Another important detail is that if you're looking to read one character and not one byte, you should read 4 bytes from the input stream, as that's the maximum number of bytes a single character will consist of in UTF-8 (Python 3+). Reading only a single byte will produce unexpected results for multi-byte characters such as keypad arrows.

Here's my changed implementation for Unix:

import contextlib import os import sys import termios import tty _MAX_CHARACTER_BYTE_LENGTH = 4 @contextlib.contextmanager def _tty_reset(file_descriptor): """ A context manager that saves the tty flags of a file descriptor upon entering and restores them upon exiting. """ old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(file_descriptor) try: yield finally: termios.tcsetattr(file_descriptor, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings) def get_character(file=sys.stdin): """ Read a single character from the given input stream (defaults to sys.stdin). """ file_descriptor = file.fileno() with _tty_reset(file_descriptor): tty.setcbreak(file_descriptor) return os.read(file_descriptor, _MAX_CHARACTER_BYTE_LENGTH) 

Try this with pygame:

import pygame pygame.init() // eliminate error, pygame.error: video system not initialized keys = pygame.key.get_pressed() if keys[pygame.K_SPACE]: d = "space key" print "You pressed the", d, "." 

The curses package in python can be used to enter "raw" mode for character input from the terminal with just a few statements. Curses' main use is to take over the screen for output, which may not be what you want. This code snippet uses print() statements instead, which are usable, but you must be aware of how curses changes line endings attached to output.

#!/usr/bin/python3 # Demo of single char terminal input in raw mode with the curses package. import sys, curses def run_one_char(dummy): 'Run until a carriage return is entered' char = ' ' print('Welcome to curses', flush=True) while ord(char) != 13: char = one_char() def one_char(): 'Read one character from the keyboard' print('\r? ', flush= True, end = '') ## A blocking single char read in raw mode. char = sys.stdin.read(1) print('You entered %s\r' % char) return char ## Must init curses before calling any functions curses.initscr() ## To make sure the terminal returns to its initial settings, ## and to set raw mode and guarantee cleanup on exit. curses.wrapper(run_one_char) print('Curses be gone!') 

I believe that this is one the most elegant solution.

import os if os.name == 'nt': import msvcrt def getch(): return msvcrt.getch().decode() else: import sys, tty, termios fd = sys.stdin.fileno() old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd) def getch(): try: tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno()) ch = sys.stdin.read(1) finally: termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings) return ch 

and then use it in the code:

if getch() == chr(ESC_ASCII_VALUE): print("ESC!") 

Simplest cross platform solution is sshkeyboard. Install with pip install sshkeyboard,

then write script such as:

from sshkeyboard import listen_keyboard def press(key): print(f"'{key}' pressed") def release(key): print(f"'{key}' released") listen_keyboard( on_press=press, on_release=release, ) 

And it will print:

'a' pressed 'a' released 

When A key is pressed. ESC key ends the listening by default.

It requires less coding than for example curses, tkinter and getch.

My solution for python3, not depending on any pip packages.

# precondition: import tty, sys def query_yes_no(question, default=True): """ Ask the user a yes/no question. Returns immediately upon reading one-char answer. Accepts multiple language characters for yes/no. """ if not sys.stdin.isatty(): return default if default: prompt = "[Y/n]?" other_answers = "n" else: prompt = "[y/N]?" other_answers = "yjosiá" print(question,prompt,flush= True,end=" ") oldttysettings = tty.tcgetattr(sys.stdin.fileno()) try: tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno()) return not sys.stdin.read(1).lower() in other_answers except: return default finally: tty.tcsetattr(sys.stdin.fileno(), tty.TCSADRAIN , oldttysettings) sys.stdout.write("\r\n") tty.tcdrain(sys.stdin.fileno()) 

The accepted answer didn't perform that well for me (I'd hold a key, nothing would happen, then I'd press another key and it would work).

After learning about the curses module, it really seems like the right way to go. And it's now available for Windows through windows-cursors (available through pip), so you can program in a platform agnostic manner. Here's an example inspired by this nice tutorial on YouTube:

import curses def getkey(stdscr): curses.curs_set(0) while True: key = stdscr.getch() if key != -1: break return key if __name__ == "__main__": print(curses.wrapper(getkey)) 

Save it with a .py extension, or run curses.wrapper(getkey) in interactive mode.

Answered here: raw_input in python without pressing enter

Use this code-

from tkinter import Tk, Frame def __set_key(e, root): """ e - event with attribute 'char', the released key """ global key_pressed if e.char: key_pressed = e.char root.destroy() def get_key(msg="Press any key ...", time_to_sleep=3): """ msg - set to empty string if you don't want to print anything time_to_sleep - default 3 seconds """ global key_pressed if msg: print(msg) key_pressed = None root = Tk() root.overrideredirect(True) frame = Frame(root, width=0, height=0) frame.bind("<KeyRelease>", lambda f: __set_key(f, root)) frame.pack() root.focus_set() frame.focus_set() frame.focus_force() # doesn't work in a while loop without it root.after(time_to_sleep * 1000, func=root.destroy) root.mainloop() root = None # just in case return key_pressed def __main(): c = None while not c: c = get_key("Choose your weapon ... ", 2) print(c) if __name__ == "__main__": __main() 

Reference: https://github.com/unfor19/mg-tools/blob/master/mgtools/get_key_pressed.py

If you want to register only one single key press even if the user pressed it for more than once or kept pressing the key longer. To avoid getting multiple pressed inputs use the while loop and pass it.

import keyboard while(True): if(keyboard.is_pressed('w')): s+=1 while(keyboard.is_pressed('w')): pass if(keyboard.is_pressed('s')): s-=1 while(keyboard.is_pressed('s')): pass print(s)