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    The second one is nice but it only works (in this case) because you don't quote "$c", so it will drop whitespace and expand stars in $s. Commented Apr 20, 2015 at 3:14
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    The second option should be: while read -N 1 c; do a+=("$c"); done <<< "$s". The -N allows to read even newlines, and the quotes ("$c") avoid pathname expansion (and some other issues). Commented Aug 16, 2015 at 23:05
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    Of course, if the last newline must be corrected, change the line given to: while read -N 1 c; do a+=("$c"); done <<< "$s"x and then erase the last newline and the x added: unset a[${#a[@]}-1]; unset a[${#a[@]}-1]. Commented Aug 16, 2015 at 23:20