There are several (unrelated) questions in this, depending on definition of default; and each of those has its own solutions.
for launching in Desktop Environment, browser which will be started is usually specified in Debian alternatives system as stated in question (and is already set to Chromium!).
of course if user has created shortcut to specific app instead of
x-www-browserthen alternatives won't be used and shortcut need to changed manually according to that DEfor opening from certain programs (like MUAs), attachments will be opened according to
mailcap(5), see that manual page how to override for exampletext/htmletc. (See also/etc/mime.typesfor maping local extensions to MIME types)some apps will use
xdg-open(1)for determining with what to open files.other apps yet will have its own lists (for example, in
Firefoxyou'll haveabout:preferences#contentURL to configure with what to open some MIME type, inmcyou'll have Menu / Command / Edit extension file to determune what happens when you click on.htmlfile etc)For the
Chromium not being the default internet browsermessage, disable broken check in Menu / Settings / Settings / Default browser or see this questionthis question