From The Linux Programming Interface:

1. Where is the kernel stack (mentioned in the quote below) in the above diagram?

   Is it the top part "Kernel (mapped into process virtual memory, but no accessilto program)" in the above diagram?

the term user stack is used to distinguish the stack we describe here from the kernel stack. The kernel stack is a per-process memory region maintained in kernel memory that is used as the stack for execution of the functions called internally during the execution of a system call. (The kernel can’t employ the user stack for this purpose since it resides in unprotected user memory.)

2. Where are "Frames for C run-time startup functions" and "Frame for main()" (mentioned from the diagram below) in the above diagram?

   Is "argv, environ" in the above diagram "Frames for C run-time startup functions", "Frame for main()", or part of either?

   

Thanks.

From The Linux Programming Interface:

1. Where is the kernel stack (mentioned in the quote below) in the above diagram?

   Is it the top part "Kernel (mapped into process virtual memory, but no accessilto program)" in the above diagram?

the term user stack is used to distinguish the stack we describe here from the kernel stack. The kernel stack is a per-process memory region maintained in kernel memory that is used as the stack for execution of the functions called internally during the execution of a system call. (The kernel can’t employ the user stack for this purpose since it resides in unprotected user memory.)

2. Where are "Frames for C run-time startup functions" and "Frame for main()" (mentioned from the diagram below) in the above diagram?

   Is "argv, environ" in the above diagram "Frames for C run-time startup functions", "Frame for main()", or part of either?

   

3. What is the lowest segment between 0x00000000 and 0x08048000 used for?

Thanks.