The error is, dd: error reading '/dev/sda': Input/output error, which tells you quite clearly the problem is reading the source disk and not writing to the destination. You can replace the destination disk as many times as you like and it won't resolve the issue of reading the source.
Instead of using dd, consider rescuing the data off the disk before it dies completely. Either copy the files using something like rsync or cp, or take an image copy with ddrescue.
ddrescue -v /dev/sda /dev/sdb /some/path/not/on/sda_or_sdb The last parameter points to a relatively small temporary file that is on neither /dev/sda nor /dev/sdb. It could be on an external USB memory stick if you have nothing else.
Once you've copied the disk, your /dev/sdb will appear to have partitions corresponding only to the original disk's size. You can use fdisk or gparted/parted to fix that up afterwards.