Things have not changed from 6 years ago.

In widows you need to enable the system console in Window > Toggle System Console.

That will open a totally different window.

Messages from python should appear there.

Things have not changed from 6 years ago. The console is not a window that is part of the blender's user interface, but one that belongs to the operating system.

In widows

You can enable the system console from blender using the top menu's Window > Toggle System Console.

That will open a totally different window, with the console and all messages from python will appear there.

In Linux

There is no option to open a terminal window from within blender, the terminal window must be opened before and the blender program should be run from terminal.

On Mint/Cinnamon, the app launcher can be set to Launch in terminal. That way the terminal window is always available.