Bash 4.2 + extras, 2324 exit codes
grep \#$1$ $0|sed 's:#.*::;s:T:tcc -run -<<<main=:;s:C:curl -L x.org/! :'|sh;exit man#1 grep#2C-#2 C/#3 sed#4 C-x/#5 C_#6 C0#7 man /#16 C-f#22 C-o/#23 C-L3#35 C--capath /#60 C--max-filesize 1#63 C--cacert /#77 timeout 1e-9 w#124 /#126 -#127 T6\;#132 T204\;#133 $[2**63%-1]#136 {0..1000000000}#137 T0\;#139 exit _#255 Thanks to @Ken Y@KenY-N for 3 exit codes.
The last one's borderline, but since exit underscore Thanks to @el.pescado for 1 exit code. fails because of its non-numeric argument, I think it should count.
Verification
All tests have been performed on openSUSE 13.2.
$ for n in {0..255}; do bash exit.sh $n; (($? == $n)) && echo $n >&0; done &> /dev/null 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 16 22 23 35 60 63 77 124 126 127 132 133 136 137 139 255