Mathematica, 35 characters
f[n_]:=Sum[SquaresR[2,k],{k,0,n^2}] Lifted from https://oeis.org/A000328
https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/SquaresR.html
SquaresR[2,k] is the number of ways to represent k as the sum of two squares, which is the same as the number of lattice points on a circle of radius k^2. Sum from k=0 to k=n^2 to find all the points on or inside a circle of radius n.