Unix Shell (+ncurses +BSD utilities), 36, 26 bytes, 256 exit codes

Golfed

jot -bu0 $[252+$1]|tput -S 

If the -S option is used, tput checks for errors from each line, and if any errors are found, will set the exit code to 4 plus the number of lines with errors. If no errors are found, the exit code is 0. No indication of which line failed can be given so exit code 1 will never appear. Exit codes 2, 3, and 4 retain their usual interpretation.

Once the tput exit code goes over 255, it just overflows, so 253 (errors on input) will result in the exit code of 1 e.t.c., thus yielding the desired exit status for the whole range of inputs.

Note: whether tput will fail on not, when setting/getting a particular capability, depends on the terminal type, I've used: xterm with 256 colors

jot is a BSD utility, which prints sequential or random data, and (AFAIK) is also available out of the box on OSX systems.

If your system does not have jot available, you can use a slightly longer (29 bytes) version:

yes u0|sed $[252+$1]q|tput -S 

Try It Online ! (the 29 bytes version)

Bash 4.2 + extras, 24 exit codes

grep \#$1$ $0|sed 's:#.*::;s:T:tcc -run -<<<main=:;s:C:curl -L x.org/! :'|sh;exit man#1 C-#2 C/#3 sed#4 C-x/#5 C_#6 C0#7 man /#16 C-f#22 C-o/#23 C-L3#35 C--capath /#60 C--max-filesize 1#63 C--cacert /#77 timeout 1e-9 w#124 /#126 -#127 T6\;#132 T204\;#133 $[2**63%-1]#136 {0..1000000000}#137 T0\;#139 exit _#255 

Thanks to @KenY-N for 3 exit codes. Thanks to @el.pescado for 1 exit code.

Verification

All tests have been performed on openSUSE 13.2.

$ for n in {0..255}; do bash exit.sh $n; (($? == $n)) && echo $n >&0; done &> /dev/null 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 16 22 23 35 60 63 77 124 126 127 132 133 136 137 139 255 

INTERCAL (C-INTERCAL), 15 codes, 313 + 2 = 315 bytes

 PLEASE WRITE IN .1 (8) PLEASE CREATE .1 A PLEASE A PLEASE COME FROM #2$!1/#1' DO X (123) DO (123) NEXT DO COME FROM (222) (222) DO STASH .2 (240) DO ,1 <- #0 (241) DO ,1 SUB #0 <- #1 (19) DO .2 <- #256 $ #0 (21) DO .1 <- #2 (148) DO GO BACK (180) DO RETRIEVE .2 DO COME FROM (50) (50) DO WRITE IN .2 (109) DO RESUME #0 (120) DO RESUME #9 MAYBE COME FROM (223) (223) DO COME FROM (223) (121) PLEASE NOT X 

Try it online!

All whitespace here is irrelevant. (The original program contained tabs, but I converted them to spaces so that it'd line up correctly on SE; it's conventional to use a tab width of 8 for INTERCAL. I've tested a version of the program with all tabs, spaces, and newlines deleted, though, and it works fine.)

Compile with -abm (2 byte penalty, because -b is required for the compiler to be deterministic).

As usual for INTERCAL, this takes numeric input in the format, e.g., ONE TWO THREE for 123.

Explanation

When a C-INTERCAL program errors out, the exit status is the error code modulo 256. As a result, we can aim to write a program that's capable of producing as many runtime errors as possible. This program only omits two runtime errors that don't indicate internal compiler issues: ICL200I, because reproducing it requires the use of external libraries that are only compatible with a single-threaded program (and multithreaded programs have more errors available); and ICL533I, because 533 has the same value modulo 256 as 277 does, and the program's capable of producing ICL277I.

The program always starts the same way. First, we input (WRITE IN) a value for the variable .1. Then, we use a computed CREATE statement to create new syntax (here, A); but because it's computed, the definition of the syntax varies based on the value of .1. Finally, in most cases we run our new A statement, which has been defined to produce an error; the table of possible definitions we have contains a definition for each possible runtime error (other than the exceptions listed above).

First, there are two exceptions to this general scheme. (0) is not a valid line number, so if the user inputs ZERO, we jump from the second line (numbered (8)) to the fourth line by means of a computed COME FROM statement. This then falls through into a syntax error DO X, which produces error ICL000I. (In INTERCAL, syntax errors happen at runtime, due to the tendency of commands to be disabled, syntax to be redefined under you, etc.). The COME FROM statement also has a side effect, even if no actual COME FROM happens, creating an operand overload from .1 to #1 whenever a line with a line number is executed; this is used later on when producing output 21. (Random global side effects are fairly idiomatic in INTERCAL.)

The other exception is with input ONE TWO NINE. There's no line number (129) in the program, so we get an error for a missing line number, which is ICL129I. So I didn't have to write any code to cover that case at all.

Here are the other errors, and what causes them:

• 123 is a NEXT stack overflow (DO (123) NEXT). The NEXT statement needs other modifiers (FORGET or RESUME) in order to retroactively determine what sort of control statement it was. Not having those causes error ICL123I once there are 80 unresolved `NEXT statements.
• 222 is a stash overflow (DO STASH .2 in a COME FROM loop). The stashes are limited only by available memory, but that will run out eventually, causing error ICL222I.
• 240 is dimensions an array to size zero. That's exactly what DO ,1 <- #0 means, and it causes error ICL240I.
• 241 is caused by assigning outside the bounds of an array. In this case, ,1 hasn't been allocated (, is used for array-type variables in INTERCAL), so indexing it causes error ICL241I.
• 19 assigns 65536 (#256 $ #0) to a 16-bit variable .2. It doesn't fit, causing error ICL275I.
• 21 assigns #2 to .1. That might look like a simple enough assignment, but we overloaded .1 to mean #1 earlier, and attempting to change the value of 1 with no -v option on the command line causes error ICL277I.
• 148 attempts to return to the top entry of the choicepoint stack (GO BACK), which doesn't exist at this point in the program (we haven't run any commands to manipulate the choicepoint stack, so it's still empty). That causes error ICL404I.
• 180 attempts to RETRIEVE .2 from a nonexistent stash (because we didn't stash anything there in this branch of the program), causing error ICL436I.
• 50 requests input (WRITE IN) forever in a COME FROM loop. Eventually we'll end up reading past EOF, causing error ICL562I.
• 109 runs the statement DO RESUME #0, which is meaningless and specifically documented as causing an error (ICL621I).
• 120 runs the statement DO RESUME #9. We haven't run that many NEXT statements yet, and thus we get error ICL120I. (Intriguingly, this particular error is defined in the INTERCAL documentation as exiting the program normally and then causing the error, rather than exiting the program with an error. I don't believe these two cases are observably different, though.)
• 223 is basically a complex tangle of multithreading primitives that all point back to line 223, causing an infinite loop that blows up memory. Eventually, there's memory exhaustion in the multithreading subsystem, leading to error ICL991I.
• 121 is actually a valid statement (it's a comment), but it appears at the end of the program. As such, execution falls off the end of the program immediately after it executes, causing error ICL633I.

Verification

Some of the errors involve intentionally running the program out of memory, so I suggest setting fairly small memory limits. Here's the shell command I used to test the program (with newlines added for readability; delete them if you run it yourself):

for x in "ZERO" "ONE NINE" "TWO ONE" "FIVE ZERO" "ONE ZERO NINE" "ONE TWO ZERO" "ONE TWO ONE" "ONE TWO THREE" "ONE TWO NINE" "ONE FOUR EIGHT" "ONE EIGHT ZERO" "TWO TWO TWO" "TWO TWO THREE" "TWO FOUR ZERO" "TWO FOUR ONE"; do echo; echo $x; echo $x | (ulimit -Sd 40000; ulimit -Sv 40000; ulimit -Ss 40000; ./errors; echo $?); done 

And here's the output (with the line numbers and "PLEASE CORRECT SOURCE" messages deleted to save space), which I added partly to demonstrate the program working but mostly to show off INTERCAL's silly error messages:

ZERO ICL000I PLEASEWRITEIN.1(8)PLEASECREATE.1APLEASEAPLEASECOMEFROM#2$!1/#1'DOX(123)DO(123)NEXTDOCOMEFROM(222)(222)DOSTASH.2(240)DO,1<-#0(241)DO,1SUB#0<-#1(19)DO.2<-#256$#0(21)DO.1<-#2(148)DOGOBACK(180)DORETRIEVE.2DOCOMEFROM(50)(50)DOWRITEIN.2(109)DORESUME#0(120)DORESUME#9MAYBECOMEFROM(223)(223)DOCOMEFROM(223)(121)PLEASENOTX 0 ONE NINE ICL275I DON'T BYTE OFF MORE THAN YOU CAN CHEW 19 TWO ONE ICL277I YOU CAN ONLY DISTORT THE LAWS OF MATHEMATICS SO FAR 21 FIVE ZERO ICL562I I DO NOT COMPUTE 50 ONE ZERO NINE ICL621I ERROR TYPE 621 ENCOUNTERED 109 ONE TWO ZERO ICL632I THE NEXT STACK RUPTURES. ALL DIE. OH, THE EMBARRASSMENT! 120 ONE TWO ONE ICL633I PROGRAM FELL OFF THE EDGE 121 ONE TWO THREE ICL123I PROGRAM HAS DISAPPEARED INTO THE BLACK LAGOON 123 ONE TWO NINE ICL129I PROGRAM HAS GOTTEN LOST 129 ONE FOUR EIGHT ICL404I I'M ALL OUT OF CHOICES! 148 ONE EIGHT ZERO ICL436I THROW STICK BEFORE RETRIEVING! 180 TWO TWO TWO ICL222I BUMMER, DUDE! 222 TWO TWO THREE ICL991I YOU HAVE TOO MUCH ROPE TO HANG YOURSELF 223 TWO FOUR ZERO ICL240I ERROR HANDLER PRINTED SNIDE REMARK 240 TWO FOUR ONE ICL241I VARIABLES MAY NOT BE STORED IN WEST HYPERSPACE 241 

C90 (gcc), 256 exit codes, 28 27 18 bytes

main(){getchar();} 

I'm not sure if this is clever or cheaty, but I don't think it violates the rules as written: it technically doesn't use exit, return, or any error throwing mechanism, but simply relies on undefined behavior and the fact that gcc does something rather convenient as far as this challenge goes.

Try it online!

How it works

This simply uses getchar to read one byte from STDIN. By itself, this does nothing.

However, a compliant C90 program must end with a return statement or something equivalent; everything else is undefined behavior. gcc ends the generated assembly with a ret anyway, so whatever value was casually in the register EAX will get returned by the program. Luckily, glibc's getchar stores the byte it reads from STDIN in EAX, so the value of that byte is the exit code of our program.

Perl, 108 bytes, 256 exit codes

This program (ab)uses Test::More module. It tries to open file named "" n times where n is given as command line argument. It fails every time, and each invocation is treated as a test. Test::More return number of failed tests as exit code. plan tests => $ARGV[0]%255 is needed to get exit code 255.

#!/usr/bin/perl use Test::More; plan tests => $ARGV[0]%255 if($ARGV[0]>0); ok(open(F,"")) for (1..$ARGV[0]) 

C (gcc) under bash shell on x86, 230 bytes, 8 exit codes

Newlines added to aid readability. Comments ignored in score.

main(int c, char **v){ int p[2]; switch(atoi(v[1])-128){ case 2:__asm("UD2"); /* SIGILL: x86 undefined instruction */ case 5:__asm("int $3"); /* SIGTRAP: x86 breakpoint instruction */ case 6:abort(); /* SIGABRT: raise() is called under the covers */ case 8:c/=c-2; /* SIGFPE: divide by 0 (c-2) */ case 11:c=*(int *)c; /* SIGSEGV: dereference of invalid pointer */ /* SIGPIPE: write() to a pipe closed at the other end */ case 13:socketpair(1,1,0,p);close(p[1]);write(p[0],v,1); case 14:alarm(1);sleep(2); /* SIGALRM: kernel will send alarm signal after 1 sec */ } } 

A feature of the bash shell:

When a command terminates on a fatal signal N, bash uses the value of 128+N as the exit status.

So all we need to do is trigger various signals from within a c program. At this point, I assume simply doing kill(n-128); is banned. So instead we execute code that triggers various signals, which causes the corresponding error codes to be made available at the calling shell.

The exit codes are 0, 130, 133, 134, 136, 139, 141, 142.

Try it online. Expand the "Debug" section to see the return code.

This can certainly be golfed deeper. But I'd be more interested in adding more signals.

Python 2, 13 Bytes, 2 exit codes

1/(input()-1) 

If you enter 0, it tries to print 1/-1 which is -1 which is perfectly fine thus exit code 0. If you enter 1, you get 1/0 which raises a ZeroDivisionError in which there is an exit code of 1. With my IDE, there is only 0 and 1 for the exit codes...

Outputs:

PHP, 15 bytes, 2 exit codes

Without die/exit, PHP cannot return anything but 0 or 255 (afaik; probably ~1), so ...

!$argv[1]?:p(); 

If command line argument is falsy, it evaluates to 1 and exits with 0. If not, it tries to call a function and exits with <b>Fatal error</b>: Uncaught Error: Call to undefined function p().

Run with -r.

Excel VBA, _{414 514} 533 + 3 Bytes, 14 exit codes

Takes input as a Conditional Compilation Argument, n=[input value] and produces that number's associated error code.

Sub e() Dim a As Application, b As Byte, s As String, v(), x Set a=Application #If n=3 Then Return #ElseIf n=5 Then b=a.CommandBars("") #ElseIf n=6 Then b=2^8 #ElseIf n=7 Then ReDim v(9^9) #ElseIf n=9 Then v=Sheets("") #ElseIf n=10 Then v=Array(1) For Each x In v ReDim v(9) Next #ElseIf n=11 Then b=1/0 #ElseIf n=13 Then Debug.?Int("X") #ElseIf n=14 Then Debug.?String(9E8,1) #ElseIf n=20 Then Resume #ElseIf n=28 Then f 256 #ElseIf n=35 Then Call c #ElseIf n=92 Then For Each x In v ReDim v(9) Next #ElseIf n=94 Then b=Null #End If End Sub Sub f(n):DoEvents:f n-1:End Sub 

+3 for n=[Value] conditional compilation call

Handles Inputs where n=

3 5 6 7 9 10 11 13 14 20 28 35 92 94 

Note: VBA does not have exit codes 0 or 1. I have included the solutions for 3 and 5, which are the two lowest numbered exit codes available to VBA in their place

Turtlèd, 4 bytes, 2 exit codes

I don't know if there are any ways to get more exit codes... are there even any more ways in the interpreter language

I found a few four length answers

' ?; 

Try it online!

!.(0 

Try it online!

?;(* 

Try it online!

How these work:

' ?; 

in my interpreter, there is a bug feature that causes errors when the grid in memory has more than one line, and has no non-space characters on it. this program erases the * on the origin cell '[space], takes non-negative integer input ? (0 or 1 really), and moves down that many ;, if it is zero, the grid will only have one line and not error, otherwise it will move down and the error will occur

!.(0 

parentheses and stuff don't get parsed, they just get executed at run time to mean: "skip to the matching paren, if the cell symbol isn't right". in this program, inputting (!) one causes the program to write it to the cell (.), execute the paren, which checks if the cell symbol is 0, try to skip to the matching paren, but instead throw an error as there is none. if it is zero, it writes it down, checks the parentheses, finds itself on a 0, and then ignores it, and the program finishes

?;(* 

has elements of the previous answer, and the first. it takes non-negative integer input, moves down that many, and checks whether the cell is '*', searching for a non existing extra paren if it is not. if the input is 1, it will move off the starting space, and find the cell is a space, and error, if it is zero, it will stay on the start space and ignore the paren.

Javascript (node), 19 bytes, 2 exit codes

Full program:

+process.argv[2]&&a 

Function:

f=i=>i&&f(i) 

process.argv is an array that contains the path to the node executable, the path to the javascript file executed and the command line arguments. In this case, this will be either "1" or "0". The string is converted to a number with the unary + operator. If the number is zero the lazy && operator won't evaluate the right hand side, if the number is truthy (not zero), the right hand side of && is evaluated and an error is thrown because it's referencing an undefined variable, and the program exists with exit code 1.

The function expects the input as a number. If the input is truthy, the function calls itself, and crashes the node runtime with a stack overflow. If the input is 0, the lazy && operator returns 0 without evaluating the right hand side.

Perl 6, 57 bytes, 256 exit codes

use Test;plan $_=@*ARGS[0];ok try {open ""} for ^($_%255) 

Try it
This is a translation of the Perl 5 example.

Expanded

use Test; # bring in ｢plan｣ and ｢ok｣ plan $_ = @*ARGS[0]; # plan on having the input number of tests # only actually needed for the 255 case # if the plan is greater than the number of tests # it fails with exitcode 255 ok # increment the failure counter if the following is False try { # don't let this kill the whole program open "" # fails to open a file } for # repeatedly do that ^( # upto Range $_ % 255 # either the input number of times, or 0 times for 255 ) 

Scala, 19 bytes, 2 exit codes

if(args(0)=="1")1/0

1/(args(0).toInt-1)

The JVM supports only 1 and 0 as exit codes if you don't call System.exit.

The first program tries to calculate 1/0 if the first argument is 1, which will crash the JVM with an exit code of 1. If the argument is 0, it wil exit succesfully.

The second program to converts the argument to integer, subtracts one and tries to divide 1 by that number. If the argument if 1, it calculates 1/0, so the JVM will crash; if the argument is 0, it calculates 1/-1 and exits.

Python 3, 15 bytes, 2 exit codes

Obviously, this is longer than the Python 2 solution, because in Python 3 we can't take a literal input without calling eval. However, we can use string comparison techniques interestingly...

1/(input()<'1') 

Input will be either the string 0 or 1 - if it's 1, the condition evaluates to 0 (false), resulting in an attempt to compute 1 / 0 which obviously crashes (exit code 1). Otherwise, nothing happens, and Python exits with the regular exit code 0.

As far as I'm aware, Python is incapable of crashing with other exit codes.

Java, 71 66 bytes, 2 exit codes

4 bytes saved thanks to Holger

Full program:

interface I{static void main(String[]a){a[a[0].charAt(0)-48]="";}} 

Function taking an int as an argument:

i->1/(i-1) 

The program takes the first char of the first argumant (either '0' or '1' and subtracts 48 (ascii value of '0') to get an integer (0 or 1). It then tries to set the argument at the position of that integer to the empty string. If the input is 1, the program crashes with an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, beacuse the argument array only has one element at position 0 (zero-indexed).

Python 2, 11 bytes, 2 exit codes

1>>-input() 1/~-input() 0<input()<x 

Three different 11-byte solutions for three different errors! (Just for fun, this doesn't give points.) By default, Python only has exit codes 0 for successful exit and 1 for error. The successful runs don't output anything.

 1>>-input() 

On input 1, gives "ValueError: negative shift count". On input 0, a zero shift count succeeds and gives 1.

1/~-input() 

On input 1, gives "ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero" due to ~-input(), aka input()-1 being 0. In input 1, 1/-1 gives -1. 0**-input() would also work.

0<input()<x 

On input 1, gives "NameError: name 'x' is not defined". On input 0, these first inequality 0<0 is evaluated to False, so the rest is not evaluated and the result is just False.

SmileBASIC, 640 bytes, 39 exit codes (out of 52)

SPSET.,0INPUT C$GOTO"@"+C$@0 STOP@3 A @4 CLS.@5@A GOSUB@A@7?1/A@8 X$=3@9 A%=POW(2,31)@10 BEEP-1@11 DIM B[#ZL*#R]@13 READ A @15 V"OPTION STRICT?X @16 CALL@D@17 V@A*2 @18 V"VAR A,A @19 V"DEF A:END:DEF A @20 V"FOR I=0TO @21 V"NEXT @22 V"REPEAT @23 V"UNTIL @24 V"WHILE. @25 V"WEND @26 V"IF.THEN @27 V"IF.THEN"+CHR$(10)+"ELSE @28 V"ENDIF @29 V"DEF X @30 RETURN@31 DIM E[-1]@32 V"DEF A:DEF @34 GOTO"| @36 XOFF MIC MICSTOP @37 XOFF MOTION GYROSYNC @38 PRGDEL @39 DIM F[66]SPANIM.,1,F @40 DIM G[2]SPANIM.,1,G @42 MPSTART 2,@A@L MPSEND"A"GOTO@L@44 PROJECT @46 USE"PRG1:A @47 BGMPLAY"` @48 X= @51 DLCOPEN" DEF V C PRGEDIT 1PRGDEL-1PRGSET C EXEC 1 END 

This could definitely be made shorter. SB only has error codes from 0 to 51, and some are impossible to trigger.

Node.js (ES6), 77 bytes, 2 exit codes

require('readline').createInterface({input:process.stdin}).prompt("",i=>i&&x) 

Jelly, 4 exit codes, 18 bytes

߀ 2* Ṁ¹Ŀ RÇĿỌḊ?R 

Supports exit codes 0, 1, 137 (killed), and 139 (segmentation fault).

Try it online!

How it works

RÇĿỌḊ?R Main link. Argument: n (integer) R Range; yield [1, ..., n] if n > 1 or [] if n = 0. Ḋ? If the dequeued range, i.e., [2, ..., n] is non-empty: Ç Call the third helper link. Ŀ Execute the k-th helper link, where k is the the integer returned by Ç. Else, i.e., if n is 0 or 1: Ọ Unordinal; yield [] for n = 0 and "\x01" for n = 1. R Range. This maps [] to [] and causes and error (exit code 1) for "\x01". Ṁ¹Ŀ Third helper link. Argument: r (range) Ṁ Maximum; retrieve n from r = [1, ..., n]. ¹Ŀ Call the n-th helper link (modular). When n = 139, since 139 % 3 = 1, this calls the first helper link. When n = 137, since 137 % 3 = 2, this calls the second helper link. 2* Second helper link. Argument: k 2* Return 2**k. Since 2**137 % 3 = 174224571863520493293247799005065324265472 % 3 = 2, ÇĿ in the main link will once again call the second helper link. Trying to compute 2**2**137, a 174224571863520493293247799005065324265472- bit number, will get the program killed for excessive memory usage. ߀ First helper link. Argument: k ߀ Recursively map the first helper link over [1, ..., k]. This creates infinite recursion. Due to Jelly's high recursion limit, a segmentation fault will be triggered. 

Python 3, 64 52 bytes, 3 exit codes _{(0, 1, 139)}

-12 from emanresu A

from ctypes import* 1//~-int(input())or string_at(0) 

Try it out here! (The TIO version uses a semicolon instead of newline, but it functions the same)

This works similarly to this Python 2 answer, but a few things are added:

• We first import everything from ctypes, since we need string_at later.
• Since we are in Python 3, we need to cast the input to an int.
• Then we decrement it, using ~- which negates it then bitwise NOTs the value.
• Then, we do floor division on it with 1:
  • If it is 0, 1//-1 will resolve to -1, so we exit successfully, since -1 is truthy
  • If it is 1, we error out trying to do floor division with 1.
  • If it is 3 or higher, 1//-x will return 0, which is falsy, therefore we run the string_at function from ctypes. Targeted at an address of 0, this causes it to segfault.
    • Since we segfault, this means that for an input of 139, we return the correct exit code.

ZX81 BASIC >255 exit codes - 52 bytes (listing)

1 INPUT N 2 GOTO 1+(2*(N>0 AND N <=255)) 3 PRINT "EXIT CODE ";N 4 RAND USR N 

Technically, N could be any 24 bit floating point number within the range, but we'll assume integers here. Line 2 is equivalent to IF N>0 AND N <=255 THEN GOTO 3: ELSE GOTO 1 if ZX81 BASIC had IF/ELSE in its symbolic instructions.

Uiua, 2 exit codes, 5 bytes

⍥∘⋕&sc 

⋕&sc reads an integer from STDIN. ⍥∘ applies the identity function repeatedly N times. If N is zero, nothing happens. If N is one, it attempts to apply identity to a value which doesn't exist, erroring.

Most cases which would result in behavior like this are disallowed by Uiua's stack signature checking, but here, the signature is known--1 input to 1 output--except in the case where the repetition count is zero, in which case nothing happens.

There has been discussion in the past of changing this behavior to do an N-wise identity, which means apply identity to N values, where N is the number of inputs and outputs handled by the repeated function. This idea has not been widely backed at this time, however, and this works correctly at least as of Uiua 0.14.0-dev.6.