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D Grammar

After the lexical analyzer has created tokens from the source text, the tokens are parsed into the following key constructs:

A Module normally has DeclDefs.
DeclDef can be a Declaration.
Declaration includes VarDeclarations, FuncDeclaration and AggregateDeclaration (e.g. class and struct declarations).

Note: Many nodes are omitted from these diagrams.

VarDeclarations declares one or more variables with a Type.
Each concrete AggregateDeclaration has DeclDef members.
FuncDeclaration can have a BlockStatement.
BlockStatement can have Statements.
Statement includes BlockStatement, DeclarationStatement, ExpressionStatement and control-flow statements.

DeclarationStatement has a Declaration.
ExpressionStatement has an Expression.
Expression includes PrimaryExpression, AssignExpression and PostfixExpression (e.g. for a function call).

PrimaryExpression includes Identifier and LiteralExpression.
AssignExpression and PostfixExpression each have at least one kind of Expression.
Every Expression has a Type.

Note: The remainder of this page is auto-generated, see the other pages for semantic details.

Contents

Modules

Module: ModuleDeclaration ModuleDeclaration DeclDefs DeclDefs 
 DeclDefs: DeclDef DeclDef DeclDefs 
 DeclDef: AttributeSpecifier Declaration Constructor Destructor Postblit Invariant UnitTest AliasThis StaticConstructor StaticDestructor SharedStaticConstructor SharedStaticDestructor ConditionalDeclaration DebugSpecification VersionSpecification MixinDeclaration EmptyDeclaration 
 EmptyDeclaration: ;

ModuleDeclaration: ModuleAttributes_opt module ModuleFullyQualifiedName Edition_opt ; 
 ModuleAttributes: ModuleAttribute ModuleAttribute ModuleAttributes 
 ModuleAttribute: DeprecatedAttribute UserDefinedAttribute 
 ModuleFullyQualifiedName: ModuleName Packages . ModuleName 
 ModuleName: Identifier

Packages: PackageName Packages . PackageName 
 PackageName: Identifier

ImportDeclaration: import ImportList ; static import ImportList ; 
 ImportList: Import ImportBindings Import , ImportList 
 Import: ModuleFullyQualifiedName ModuleAliasIdentifier = ModuleFullyQualifiedName 
 ImportBindings: Import : ImportBindList 
 ImportBindList: ImportBind ImportBind , ImportBindList 
 ImportBind: Identifier Identifier = Identifier 
 ModuleAliasIdentifier: Identifier

MixinDeclaration: mixin ( ArgumentList ) ;

Declarations

Declaration: FuncDeclaration VarDeclarations AliasDeclaration AliasAssign AggregateDeclaration EnumDeclaration ImportDeclaration ConditionalDeclaration StaticForeachDeclaration StaticAssert TemplateDeclaration TemplateMixinDeclaration TemplateMixin

AggregateDeclaration: ClassDeclaration InterfaceDeclaration StructDeclaration UnionDeclaration

VarDeclarations: StorageClasses_opt BasicType TypeSuffixes_opt IdentifierInitializers ; AutoDeclaration 
 IdentifierInitializers:  IdentifierInitializer IdentifierInitializer , IdentifierInitializers 
 IdentifierInitializer:  Identifier Identifier TemplateParameters_opt = Initializer BitfieldDeclarator BitfieldDeclarator = Initializer 
 BitfieldDeclarator: : AssignExpression Identifier : ConditionalExpression 
 Declarator:  TypeSuffixes_opt Identifier

StorageClasses: StorageClass StorageClass StorageClasses 
 StorageClass: LinkageAttribute AlignAttribute AtAttribute deprecated enum static extern abstract final override synchronized auto scope const immutable inout shared __gshared Property nothrow pure ref

Initializer: VoidInitializer NonVoidInitializer 
 NonVoidInitializer: ArrayInitializer StructInitializer AssignExpression

VoidInitializer: void

AutoDeclaration: StorageClasses AutoAssignments ; 
 AutoAssignments: AutoAssignment AutoAssignments , AutoAssignment 
 AutoAssignment: Identifier TemplateParameters_opt = Initializer

AliasDeclaration:  alias StorageClasses_opt BasicType TypeSuffixes_opt Identifiers ; alias StorageClasses_opt BasicType FuncDeclarator ; alias AliasAssignments ; 
 Identifiers: Identifier Identifier , Identifiers 
 AliasAssignments: AliasAssignment AliasAssignments , AliasAssignment 
 AliasAssignment: Identifier TemplateParameters_opt = StorageClasses_opt Type Identifier TemplateParameters_opt = FunctionLiteral Identifier TemplateParameters_opt = StorageClasses_opt Type Parameters MemberFunctionAttributes_opt

AliasAssign: Identifier = Type

AliasReassignment: Identifier = StorageClasses_opt Type Identifier = FunctionLiteral Identifier = StorageClasses_opt BasicType Parameters MemberFunctionAttributes_opt

Types

Type: TypeCtors_opt BasicType TypeSuffixes_opt 
 TypeCtors: TypeCtor TypeCtor TypeCtors 
 TypeCtor: const immutable inout shared 
 BasicType: FundamentalType . QualifiedIdentifier QualifiedIdentifier Typeof Typeof . QualifiedIdentifier TypeCtor ( Type ) Vector TraitsExpression MixinType 
 Vector: __vector ( VectorBaseType ) 
 VectorBaseType: Type 
 FundamentalType: void ArithmeticType 
 ArithmeticType: bool byte ubyte short ushort int uint long ulong cent ucent char wchar dchar float double real ifloat idouble ireal cfloat cdouble creal 
 TypeSuffixes: TypeSuffix TypeSuffixes_opt 
 TypeSuffix: * [ ] [ AssignExpression ] [ AssignExpression .. AssignExpression ] [ Type ] delegate Parameters MemberFunctionAttributes_opt function Parameters FunctionAttributes_opt 
 QualifiedIdentifier: Identifier Identifier . QualifiedIdentifier TemplateInstance TemplateInstance . QualifiedIdentifier Identifier [ AssignExpression ] Identifier [ AssignExpression ] . QualifiedIdentifier

Typeof: typeof ( Expression ) typeof ( return )

MixinType: mixin ( ArgumentList )

Attributes

AttributeSpecifier: Attribute : Attribute DeclarationBlock 
 Attribute: AlignAttribute AtAttribute DeprecatedAttribute FunctionAttributeKwd LinkageAttribute Pragma VisibilityAttribute abstract auto const final __gshared extern immutable inout override ref __rvalue scope shared static synchronized 
 FunctionAttributeKwd: nothrow pure 
 AtAttribute: @ disable @ __future @ nogc @ live Property @ safe @ system @ trusted UserDefinedAttribute 
 Property: @ property 
 DeclarationBlock: DeclDef { DeclDefs_opt }

LinkageAttribute: extern ( LinkageType ) extern ( C ++ , ) extern ( C ++ , QualifiedIdentifier ) extern ( C ++ , NamespaceList ) extern ( C ++ , class ) extern ( C ++ , struct ) 
 LinkageType: C C ++ D Windows System Objective - C 
 NamespaceList: ConditionalExpression ConditionalExpression , ConditionalExpression , NamespaceList

AlignAttribute: align ( default ) align align ( AssignExpression )

DeprecatedAttribute: deprecated deprecated ( AssignExpression )

VisibilityAttribute: export package package ( QualifiedIdentifier ) private protected public

UserDefinedAttribute: @ ( TemplateArgumentList ) @ TemplateSingleArgument @ Identifier ( NamedArgumentList_opt ) @ TemplateInstance @ TemplateInstance ( NamedArgumentList_opt )

Pragmas

PragmaDeclaration: Pragma ; Pragma DeclarationBlock 
 PragmaStatement: Pragma ; Pragma NoScopeStatement 
 Pragma: pragma ( Identifier ) pragma ( Identifier , ArgumentList )

Expressions

Expression: CommaExpression

CommaExpression: AssignExpression CommaExpression , AssignExpression

AssignExpression: ConditionalExpression ConditionalExpression = AssignExpression ConditionalExpression += AssignExpression ConditionalExpression -= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression *= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression /= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression %= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression &= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression |= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression ^= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression ~= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression <<= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression >>= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression >>>= AssignExpression ConditionalExpression ^^= AssignExpression

ConditionalExpression: OrOrExpression OrOrExpression ? Expression : ConditionalExpression

OrOrExpression: AndAndExpression OrOrExpression || AndAndExpression

AndAndExpression: OrExpression AndAndExpression && OrExpression

OrExpression: XorExpression OrExpression | XorExpression

XorExpression: AndExpression XorExpression ^ AndExpression

AndExpression: CmpExpression AndExpression & CmpExpression

CmpExpression: EqualExpression IdentityExpression RelExpression InExpression ShiftExpression

EqualExpression: ShiftExpression == ShiftExpression ShiftExpression != ShiftExpression

IdentityExpression: ShiftExpression is ShiftExpression ShiftExpression ! is ShiftExpression

RelExpression: ShiftExpression < ShiftExpression ShiftExpression <= ShiftExpression ShiftExpression > ShiftExpression ShiftExpression >= ShiftExpression

InExpression: ShiftExpression in ShiftExpression ShiftExpression ! in ShiftExpression

ShiftExpression: AddExpression ShiftExpression << AddExpression ShiftExpression >> AddExpression ShiftExpression >>> AddExpression

AddExpression: MulExpression AddExpression + MulExpression AddExpression - MulExpression AddExpression ~ MulExpression

MulExpression: UnaryExpression MulExpression * UnaryExpression MulExpression / UnaryExpression MulExpression % UnaryExpression

UnaryExpression: & UnaryExpression ++ UnaryExpression -- UnaryExpression * UnaryExpression - UnaryExpression + UnaryExpression ! UnaryExpression ComplementExpression DeleteExpression CastExpression ThrowExpression PowExpression

ComplementExpression: ~ UnaryExpression

DeleteExpression: delete UnaryExpression

CastExpression: cast ( Type ) UnaryExpression CastQual

CastQual: cast ( TypeCtors_opt ) UnaryExpression

ThrowExpression: throw AssignExpression

PowExpression: PostfixExpression PostfixExpression ^^ UnaryExpression

PostfixExpression: PrimaryExpression PostfixExpression . Identifier PostfixExpression . TemplateInstance PostfixExpression . NewExpression PostfixExpression ++ PostfixExpression -- PostfixExpression ( NamedArgumentList_opt ) TypeCtors_opt BasicType ( NamedArgumentList_opt ) PostfixExpression IndexOperation PostfixExpression SliceOperation

ArgumentList: AssignExpression AssignExpression , AssignExpression , ArgumentList 
 NamedArgumentList: NamedArgument NamedArgument , NamedArgument , NamedArgumentList 
 NamedArgument: Identifier : AssignExpression AssignExpression

IndexOperation: [ ArgumentList ]

SliceOperation: [ ] [ Slice ] [ Slice , ] 
 Slice: AssignExpression AssignExpression , Slice AssignExpression .. AssignExpression AssignExpression .. AssignExpression , Slice

PrimaryExpression: Identifier . Identifier TemplateInstance . TemplateInstance $ LiteralExpression AssertExpression MixinExpression ImportExpression NewExpression FundamentalType . Identifier TypeCtor_opt ( Type ) . Identifier ( Type ) . TemplateInstance FundamentalType ( NamedArgumentList_opt ) TypeCtor_opt ( Type ) ( NamedArgumentList_opt ) Typeof TypeidExpression IsExpression ( Expression ) SpecialKeyword RvalueExpression TraitsExpression 
 LiteralExpression: this super null true false IntegerLiteral FloatLiteral CharacterLiteral StringLiteral InterpolationExpressionSequence ArrayLiteral AssocArrayLiteral FunctionLiteral

ArrayLiteral: [ ArgumentList_opt ]

AssocArrayLiteral: [ KeyValuePairs ] 
 KeyValuePairs: KeyValuePair KeyValuePair , KeyValuePairs 
 KeyValuePair: KeyExpression : ValueExpression 
 KeyExpression: AssignExpression 
 ValueExpression: AssignExpression

FunctionLiteral: function RefOrAutoRef_opt BasicTypeWithSuffixes_opt ParameterWithAttributes_opt FunctionLiteralBody delegate RefOrAutoRef_opt BasicTypeWithSuffixes_opt ParameterWithMemberAttributes_opt FunctionLiteralBody RefOrAutoRef_opt ParameterWithMemberAttributes FunctionLiteralBody BlockStatement Identifier => AssignExpression 
 RefOrAutoRef: ref auto ref 
 BasicTypeWithSuffixes: BasicType TypeSuffixes_opt 
 ParameterWithAttributes: Parameters FunctionAttributes_opt 
 ParameterWithMemberAttributes: Parameters MemberFunctionAttributes_opt 
 FunctionLiteralBody: => AssignExpression SpecifiedFunctionBody

AssertExpression: assert ( AssertArguments ) 
 AssertArguments: AssignExpression AssignExpression , AssignExpression , AssignExpression AssignExpression , AssignExpression ,

MixinExpression: mixin ( ArgumentList )

ImportExpression: import ( AssignExpression )

NewExpression: new PlacementExpression_opt Type new PlacementExpression_opt Type [ AssignExpression ] new PlacementExpression_opt Type ( NamedArgumentList_opt ) NewAnonClassExpression 
 PlacementExpression: ( AssignExpression )

TypeidExpression: typeid ( Type ) typeid ( Expression )

IsExpression: is ( Type ) is ( Type : TypeSpecialization ) is ( Type == TypeSpecialization ) is ( Type : TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList ) is ( Type == TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList ) is ( Type Identifier ) is ( Type Identifier : TypeSpecialization ) is ( Type Identifier == TypeSpecialization ) is ( Type Identifier : TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList ) is ( Type Identifier == TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList ) 
 
 TypeSpecialization: Type TypeCtor struct union class interface enum __vector function delegate super return __parameters module package

RvalueExpression: __rvalue ( AssignExpression )

SpecialKeyword: __FILE__ __FILE_FULL_PATH__ __MODULE__ __LINE__ __FUNCTION__ __PRETTY_FUNCTION__

Statements

Statement: EmptyStatement NonEmptyStatement ScopeBlockStatement 
 EmptyStatement: ; 
 NoScopeNonEmptyStatement: NonEmptyStatement BlockStatement 
 NoScopeStatement: EmptyStatement NonEmptyStatement BlockStatement 
 NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement: NonEmptyStatement ScopeBlockStatement 
 NonEmptyStatement: NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault CaseStatement CaseRangeStatement DefaultStatement 
 NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault: LabeledStatement ExpressionStatement DeclarationStatement IfStatement WhileStatement DoStatement ForStatement ForeachStatement SwitchStatement FinalSwitchStatement ContinueStatement BreakStatement ReturnStatement GotoStatement WithStatement SynchronizedStatement TryStatement ScopeGuardStatement AsmStatement MixinStatement ForeachRangeStatement PragmaStatement ConditionalStatement StaticForeachStatement ImportDeclaration

ScopeStatement: NonEmptyStatement BlockStatement

ScopeBlockStatement: BlockStatement

LabeledStatement: Identifier : Identifier : Statement

BlockStatement: { } { StatementList } 
 StatementList: Statement Statement StatementList

ExpressionStatement: Expression ;

DeclarationStatement: StorageClasses_opt Declaration

IfStatement: if ( IfCondition ) ThenStatement if ( IfCondition ) ThenStatement else ElseStatement 
 IfCondition: Expression IfConditionStorageClasses Identifier = Expression IfConditionStorageClasses_opt BasicType Declarator = Expression 
 IfConditionStorageClasses: IfConditionStorageClass IfConditionStorageClass IfConditionStorageClasses 
 IfConditionStorageClass: scope auto ref TypeCtor 
 ThenStatement: ScopeStatement 
 ElseStatement: ScopeStatement

WhileStatement: while ( IfCondition ) ScopeStatement

DoStatement: do ScopeStatement  while ( Expression ) ;

ForStatement: for ( Initialize Test_opt ; Increment_opt ) ScopeStatement 
 Initialize: ; NoScopeNonEmptyStatement 
 Test: Expression 
 Increment: Expression

AggregateForeach: Foreach ( ForeachTypeList ; ForeachAggregate ) 
 ForeachStatement: AggregateForeach NoScopeNonEmptyStatement 
 Foreach: foreach foreach_reverse 
 ForeachTypeList: ForeachType ForeachType , ForeachTypeList 
 ForeachType: ForeachTypeAttributes_opt BasicType Declarator ForeachTypeAttributes_opt Identifier ForeachTypeAttributes_opt alias Identifier 
 ForeachTypeAttributes: ForeachTypeAttribute ForeachTypeAttribute ForeachTypeAttributes 
 ForeachTypeAttribute: enum ref scope TypeCtor 
 ForeachAggregate: Expression

RangeForeach: Foreach ( ForeachType ; LwrExpression .. UprExpression ) 
 LwrExpression: Expression 
 UprExpression: Expression 
 ForeachRangeStatement: RangeForeach ScopeStatement

SwitchStatement: switch ( IfCondition ) ScopeStatement 
 CaseStatement: case ArgumentList : ScopeStatementList_opt 
 DefaultStatement: default : ScopeStatementList_opt 
 ScopeStatementList: StatementListNoCaseNoDefault 
 StatementListNoCaseNoDefault: StatementNoCaseNoDefault StatementNoCaseNoDefault StatementListNoCaseNoDefault 
 StatementNoCaseNoDefault: EmptyStatement NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault ScopeBlockStatement

CaseRangeStatement: case FirstExp : .. case LastExp : ScopeStatementList_opt 
 FirstExp: AssignExpression 
 LastExp: AssignExpression

FinalSwitchStatement: final switch ( IfCondition ) ScopeStatement

ContinueStatement: continue Identifier_opt ;

BreakStatement: break Identifier_opt ;

ReturnStatement: return Expression_opt ;

GotoStatement: goto Identifier ; goto default ; goto case ; goto case Expression ;

WithStatement: with ( IfCondition ) ScopeStatement with ( Symbol ) ScopeStatement

SynchronizedStatement: synchronized ScopeStatement synchronized ( Expression ) ScopeStatement

TryStatement: try ScopeStatement Catches try ScopeStatement Catches FinallyStatement try ScopeStatement FinallyStatement 
 Catches: Catch Catch Catches 
 Catch: catch ( CatchParameter ) NoScopeNonEmptyStatement 
 CatchParameter: BasicType Identifier_opt 
 FinallyStatement: finally NoScopeNonEmptyStatement

ScopeGuardStatement: scope ( exit ) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement scope ( success ) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement scope ( failure ) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement

AsmStatement: asm FunctionAttributes_opt { AsmInstructionList_opt } 
 AsmInstructionList: AsmInstruction ; AsmInstruction ; AsmInstructionList

MixinStatement: mixin ( ArgumentList ) ;

Arrays

ArrayInitializer: [ ArrayElementInitializers_opt ] 
 ArrayElementInitializers: ArrayElementInitializer ArrayElementInitializer , ArrayElementInitializer , ArrayElementInitializers 
 ArrayElementInitializer: NonVoidInitializer AssignExpression : NonVoidInitializer

Structs and Unions

StructDeclaration: struct Identifier ; struct Identifier AggregateBody StructTemplateDeclaration AnonStructDeclaration 
 AnonStructDeclaration: struct AggregateBody

AggregateBody: { DeclDefs_opt }

UnionDeclaration: union Identifier ; union Identifier AggregateBody UnionTemplateDeclaration AnonUnionDeclaration 
 AnonUnionDeclaration: union AggregateBody

StructInitializer: { StructMemberInitializers_opt } 
 StructMemberInitializers: StructMemberInitializer StructMemberInitializer , StructMemberInitializer , StructMemberInitializers 
 StructMemberInitializer: NonVoidInitializer Identifier : NonVoidInitializer

Postblit: this ( this ) MemberFunctionAttributes_opt FunctionBody this ( this ) MemberFunctionAttributes_opt MissingFunctionBody

Invariant: invariant ( ) BlockStatement invariant BlockStatement invariant ( AssertArguments ) ;

AliasThis: alias Identifier this ; alias this = Identifier ;

Classes

ClassDeclaration: class Identifier ; class Identifier BaseClassList_opt AggregateBody ClassTemplateDeclaration 
 BaseClassList: : SuperClassOrInterface : SuperClassOrInterface , Interfaces 
 SuperClassOrInterface: BasicType 
 Interfaces: Interface Interface , Interfaces 
 Interface: BasicType

Constructor: this Parameters MemberFunctionAttributes_opt FunctionBody this Parameters MemberFunctionAttributes_opt MissingFunctionBody ConstructorTemplate

Destructor: ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributes_opt FunctionBody ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributes_opt MissingFunctionBody

StaticConstructor: static this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributes_opt FunctionBody static this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributes_opt MissingFunctionBody

StaticDestructor: static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributes_opt FunctionBody

SharedStaticConstructor: shared static this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributes_opt FunctionBody shared static this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributes_opt MissingFunctionBody

SharedStaticDestructor: shared static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributes_opt FunctionBody shared static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributes_opt MissingFunctionBody

Invariant: invariant ( ) BlockStatement invariant BlockStatement invariant ( AssertArguments ) ;

NewAnonClassExpression: new PlacementExpression_opt class ConstructorArgs_opt AnonBaseClassList_opt AggregateBody 
 ConstructorArgs: ( NamedArgumentList_opt ) 
 AnonBaseClassList: SuperClassOrInterface SuperClassOrInterface , Interfaces

Interfaces

InterfaceDeclaration: interface Identifier ; interface Identifier BaseInterfaceList_opt AggregateBody InterfaceTemplateDeclaration 
 BaseInterfaceList: : Interfaces

Enums

EnumDeclaration: enum Identifier EnumBody enum Identifier : EnumBaseType EnumBody AnonymousEnumDeclaration 
 EnumBaseType: Type 
 EnumBody: { EnumMembers } ; 
 EnumMembers: EnumMember EnumMember , EnumMember , EnumMembers 
 EnumMember: EnumMemberAttributes_opt Identifier EnumMemberAttributes_opt Identifier = AssignExpression 
 EnumMemberAttributes: EnumMemberAttribute EnumMemberAttribute EnumMemberAttributes 
 EnumMemberAttribute: DeprecatedAttribute UserDefinedAttribute @ disable

AnonymousEnumDeclaration: enum : EnumBaseType { EnumMembers } enum { AnonymousEnumMembers } 
 AnonymousEnumMembers: AnonymousEnumMember AnonymousEnumMember , AnonymousEnumMember , AnonymousEnumMembers 
 AnonymousEnumMember: EnumMember EnumMemberAttributes_opt Type Identifier = AssignExpression

Functions

FuncDeclaration: StorageClasses_opt BasicType FuncDeclarator FunctionBody StorageClasses_opt BasicType FuncDeclarator MissingFunctionBody AutoFuncDeclaration 
 AutoFuncDeclaration: StorageClasses Identifier FuncDeclaratorSuffix FunctionBody 
 FuncDeclarator: TypeSuffixes_opt Identifier FuncDeclaratorSuffix 
 FuncDeclaratorSuffix: Parameters MemberFunctionAttributes_opt TemplateParameters Parameters MemberFunctionAttributes_opt Constraint_opt

Parameters: ( ParameterList_opt ) 
 ParameterList: Parameter Parameter , ParameterList_opt VariadicArgumentsAttributes_opt ... 
 Parameter: ParameterDeclaration ParameterDeclaration ... ParameterDeclaration = AssignExpression ParameterDeclaration = AssignExpression ... 
 ParameterDeclaration: ParameterAttributes_opt BasicType Declarator ParameterAttributes_opt Type 
 ParameterAttributes: ParameterStorageClass UserDefinedAttribute ParameterAttributes ParameterStorageClass ParameterAttributes UserDefinedAttribute 
 ParameterStorageClass: auto TypeCtor final in lazy out ref return scope 
 VariadicArgumentsAttributes: VariadicArgumentsAttribute VariadicArgumentsAttribute VariadicArgumentsAttributes 
 VariadicArgumentsAttribute: const immutable return scope shared

FunctionAttributes: FunctionAttribute FunctionAttribute FunctionAttributes 
 FunctionAttribute: FunctionAttributeKwd Property AtAttribute 
 MemberFunctionAttributes: MemberFunctionAttribute MemberFunctionAttribute MemberFunctionAttributes 
 MemberFunctionAttribute: const immutable inout return ref_opt scope shared FunctionAttribute

FunctionBody: SpecifiedFunctionBody ShortenedFunctionBody 
 SpecifiedFunctionBody: do_opt BlockStatement FunctionContracts_opt InOutContractExpression do_opt BlockStatement FunctionContracts_opt InOutStatement do BlockStatement 
 ShortenedFunctionBody: InOutContractExpressions_opt => AssignExpression ;

MissingFunctionBody: ; FunctionContracts_opt InOutContractExpression ; FunctionContracts_opt InOutStatement

FunctionContracts: FunctionContract FunctionContract FunctionContracts 
 FunctionContract: InOutContractExpression InOutStatement 
 InOutContractExpressions: InOutContractExpression InOutContractExpression InOutContractExpressions 
 InOutContractExpression: InContractExpression OutContractExpression 
 InOutStatement: InStatement OutStatement

InContractExpression: in ( AssertArguments ) 
 InStatement: in BlockStatement

OutContractExpression: out ( ; AssertArguments ) out ( Identifier ; AssertArguments ) 
 OutStatement: out BlockStatement out ( Identifier ) BlockStatement

MainFunction: MainReturnDecl main() FunctionBody MainReturnDecl main(string[] Identifier) FunctionBody 
 MainReturnDecl: void int noreturn auto

CMainFunction: extern (C) MainReturnDecl main(CmainParameters_opt) BlockStatement 
 CmainParameters: int Identifier, char** Identifier int Identifier, char** Identifier, char** Identifier

Templates

TemplateDeclaration: template Identifier TemplateParameters Constraint_opt { DeclDefs_opt } 
 TemplateParameters: ( TemplateParameterList_opt ) 
 TemplateParameterList: TemplateParameter TemplateParameter , TemplateParameter , TemplateParameterList

TemplateInstance: Identifier TemplateArguments 
 TemplateArguments: ! ( TemplateArgumentList_opt ) ! TemplateSingleArgument 
 TemplateArgumentList: TemplateArgument TemplateArgument , TemplateArgument , TemplateArgumentList 
 TemplateSingleArgument: Identifier FundamentalType CharacterLiteral StringLiteral InterpolationExpressionSequence IntegerLiteral FloatLiteral true false null this SpecialKeyword

TemplateArgument: Type AssignExpression Symbol 
 Symbol: SymbolTail . SymbolTail 
 SymbolTail: Identifier Identifier . SymbolTail TemplateInstance TemplateInstance . SymbolTail

TemplateParameter: TemplateTypeParameter TemplateValueParameter TemplateAliasParameter TemplateSequenceParameter TemplateThisParameter

TemplateTypeParameter: Identifier TemplateTypeParameterSpecialization_opt TemplateTypeParameterDefault_opt 
 TemplateTypeParameterSpecialization: : Type 
 TemplateTypeParameterDefault: = Type

TemplateThisParameter: this TemplateTypeParameter

TemplateValueParameter: BasicType Declarator TemplateValueParameterSpecialization_opt TemplateValueParameterDefault_opt 
 TemplateValueParameterSpecialization: : ConditionalExpression 
 TemplateValueParameterDefault: = AssignExpression = SpecialKeyword

TemplateAliasParameter: alias Identifier TemplateAliasParameterSpecialization_opt TemplateAliasParameterDefault_opt alias BasicType Declarator TemplateAliasParameterSpecialization_opt TemplateAliasParameterDefault_opt 
 TemplateAliasParameterSpecialization: : Type : ConditionalExpression 
 TemplateAliasParameterDefault: = Type = ConditionalExpression

TemplateSequenceParameter: Identifier ...

ClassTemplateDeclaration: class Identifier TemplateParameters ; class Identifier TemplateParameters Constraint_opt BaseClassList_opt AggregateBody class Identifier TemplateParameters BaseClassList_opt Constraint_opt AggregateBody 
 InterfaceTemplateDeclaration: interface Identifier TemplateParameters ; interface Identifier TemplateParameters Constraint_opt BaseInterfaceList_opt AggregateBody interface Identifier TemplateParameters BaseInterfaceList Constraint AggregateBody 
 StructTemplateDeclaration: struct Identifier TemplateParameters ; struct Identifier TemplateParameters Constraint_opt AggregateBody 
 UnionTemplateDeclaration: union Identifier TemplateParameters ; union Identifier TemplateParameters Constraint_opt AggregateBody

ConstructorTemplate: this TemplateParameters Parameters MemberFunctionAttributes_opt Constraint_opt FunctionBody this TemplateParameters Parameters MemberFunctionAttributes_opt Constraint_opt MissingFunctionBody

Constraint: if ( Expression )

Template Mixins

TemplateMixinDeclaration: mixin template Identifier TemplateParameters Constraint_opt { DeclDefs_opt } 
 TemplateMixin: mixin MixinTemplateName TemplateArguments_opt Identifier_opt ; mixin Identifier = MixinTemplateName TemplateArguments_opt ; 
 MixinTemplateName: . MixinQualifiedIdentifier MixinQualifiedIdentifier Typeof . MixinQualifiedIdentifier 
 MixinQualifiedIdentifier: Identifier Identifier . MixinQualifiedIdentifier TemplateInstance . MixinQualifiedIdentifier

Conditional Compilation

ConditionalDeclaration: Condition DeclarationBlock Condition DeclarationBlock else DeclarationBlock Condition : DeclDefs_opt Condition DeclarationBlock else : DeclDefs_opt 
 ConditionalStatement: Condition NoScopeNonEmptyStatement Condition NoScopeNonEmptyStatement else NoScopeNonEmptyStatement

Condition: VersionCondition DebugCondition StaticIfCondition

VersionCondition: version ( Identifier ) version ( unittest ) version ( assert )

VersionSpecification: version = Identifier ;

DebugCondition: debug debug ( Identifier )

DebugSpecification: debug = Identifier ;

StaticIfCondition: static if ( AssignExpression )

StaticForeachDeclaration: StaticForeach DeclarationBlock StaticForeach : DeclDefs_opt 
 StaticForeachStatement: StaticForeach NoScopeNonEmptyStatement 
 StaticForeach: static AggregateForeach static RangeForeach

StaticAssert: static assert ( ArgumentList ) ;

Traits

TraitsExpression: __traits ( TraitsKeyword , TraitsArguments ) 
 TraitsKeyword: isAbstractClass isArithmetic isOverlapped isAssociativeArray isFinalClass isPOD isNested isFuture isDeprecated isFloating isIntegral isScalar isStaticArray isUnsigned isDisabled isVirtualFunction isVirtualMethod isAbstractFunction isFinalFunction isStaticFunction isOverrideFunction isTemplate isRef isOut isLazy isReturnOnStack isCopyable isZeroInit isModule isPackage isCOMClass hasMember hasCopyConstructor hasMoveConstructor hasPostblit needsDestruction identifier fullyQualifiedName getAliasThis getAttributes isBitfield getBitfieldOffset getBitfieldWidth getFunctionAttributes getFunctionVariadicStyle getLinkage getLocation getMember getOverloads getParameterStorageClasses getPointerBitmap getCppNamespaces getVisibility getProtection getTargetInfo getVirtualFunctions getVirtualMethods getUnitTests parent child classInstanceSize classInstanceAlignment getVirtualIndex allMembers derivedMembers isSame compiles toType initSymbol parameters 
 TraitsArguments: TraitsArgument TraitsArgument , TraitsArguments 
 TraitsArgument: AssignExpression Type

Unit Tests

UnitTest: unittest BlockStatement

D x86 Inline Assembler

AsmStatement: asm FunctionAttributes_opt { AsmInstructionList_opt } 
 AsmInstructionList: AsmInstruction ; AsmInstruction ; AsmInstructionList

AsmInstruction: Identifier : AsmInstruction align IntegerExpression even naked db Operands ds Operands di Operands dl Operands df Operands dd Operands de Operands db StringLiteral ds StringLiteral di StringLiteral dl StringLiteral dw StringLiteral dq StringLiteral Opcode Opcode Operands 
 Opcode: Identifier int in out 
 Operands: Operand Operand , Operands

IntegerExpression: IntegerLiteral Identifier

Register: AL AH AX EAX 
 BL BH BX EBX 
 CL CH CX ECX 
 DL DH DX EDX 
 BP EBP 
 SP ESP 
 DI EDI 
 SI ESI 
 ES CS SS DS GS FS 
 CR0 CR2 CR3 CR4 
 DR0 DR1 DR2 DR3 DR6 DR7 
 TR3 TR4 TR5 TR6 TR7 
 ST 
 ST(0) ST(1) ST(2) ST(3) ST(4) ST(5) ST(6) ST(7) 
 MM0 MM1 MM2 MM3 MM4 MM5 MM6 MM7 
 XMM0 XMM1 XMM2 XMM3 XMM4 XMM5 XMM6 XMM7

Register64: RAX RBX RCX RDX 
 BPL RBP 
 SPL RSP 
 DIL RDI 
 SIL RSI 
 R8B R8W R8D R8 
 R9B R9W R9D R9 
 R10B R10W R10D R10 
 R11B R11W R11D R11 
 R12B R12W R12D R12 
 R13B R13W R13D R13 
 R14B R14W R14D R14 
 R15B R15W R15D R15 
 XMM8 XMM9 XMM10 XMM11 XMM12 XMM13 XMM14 XMM15 
 YMM0 YMM1 YMM2 YMM3 YMM4 YMM5 YMM6 YMM7 
 YMM8 YMM9 YMM10 YMM11 YMM12 YMM13 YMM14 YMM15

Operand: AsmExp 
 AsmExp: AsmLogOrExp AsmLogOrExp ? AsmExp : AsmExp 
 AsmLogOrExp: AsmLogAndExp AsmLogOrExp || AsmLogAndExp 
 AsmLogAndExp: AsmOrExp AsmLogAndExp && AsmOrExp 
 AsmOrExp: AsmXorExp AsmOrExp | AsmXorExp 
 AsmXorExp: AsmAndExp AsmXorExp ^ AsmAndExp 
 AsmAndExp: AsmEqualExp AsmAndExp & AsmEqualExp 
 AsmEqualExp: AsmRelExp AsmEqualExp == AsmRelExp AsmEqualExp != AsmRelExp 
 AsmRelExp: AsmShiftExp AsmRelExp < AsmShiftExp AsmRelExp <= AsmShiftExp AsmRelExp > AsmShiftExp AsmRelExp >= AsmShiftExp 
 AsmShiftExp: AsmAddExp AsmShiftExp << AsmAddExp AsmShiftExp >> AsmAddExp AsmShiftExp >>> AsmAddExp 
 AsmAddExp: AsmMulExp AsmAddExp + AsmMulExp AsmAddExp - AsmMulExp 
 AsmMulExp: AsmBrExp AsmMulExp * AsmBrExp AsmMulExp / AsmBrExp AsmMulExp % AsmBrExp 
 AsmBrExp: AsmUnaExp AsmBrExp [ AsmExp ] 
 AsmUnaExp: AsmTypePrefix AsmExp offsetof AsmExp seg AsmExp + AsmUnaExp - AsmUnaExp ! AsmUnaExp ~ AsmUnaExp AsmPrimaryExp 
 AsmPrimaryExp: IntegerLiteral FloatLiteral __LOCAL_SIZE $ Register Register : AsmExp Register64 Register64 : AsmExp DotIdentifier this 
 DotIdentifier: Identifier Identifier . DotIdentifier FundamentalType . Identifier

AsmTypePrefix: near ptr far ptr word ptr dword ptr qword ptr FundamentalType ptr

GccAsmStatement: asm FunctionAttributes_opt { GccAsmInstructionList } 
 GccAsmInstructionList: GccAsmInstruction ; GccAsmInstruction ; GccAsmInstructionList 
 GccAsmInstruction: GccBasicAsmInstruction GccExtAsmInstruction GccGotoAsmInstruction 
 GccBasicAsmInstruction: GccAsmStringExpression 
 GccExtAsmInstruction: GccAsmStringExpression : GccAsmOperands_opt GccAsmStringExpression : GccAsmOperands_opt : GccAsmOperands_opt GccAsmStringExpression : GccAsmOperands_opt : GccAsmOperands_opt : GccAsmClobbers_opt 
 GccGotoAsmInstruction: GccAsmStringExpression : : GccAsmOperands_opt : GccAsmClobbers_opt : GccAsmGotoLabels_opt 
 GccAsmStringExpression: StringLiteral ( ConditionalExpression ) 
 GccAsmOperands: GccSymbolicName_opt GccAsmStringExpression ( AssignExpression ) GccSymbolicName_opt GccAsmStringExpression ( AssignExpression ) , GccAsmOperands 
 GccSymbolicName: [ Identifier ] 
 GccAsmClobbers: GccAsmStringExpression GccAsmStringExpression , GccAsmClobbers 
 GccAsmGotoLabels: Identifier Identifier , GccAsmGotoLabels

Application Binary Interface

MangledName: _D QualifiedName Type _D QualifiedName Z // Internal

QualifiedName: SymbolFunctionName SymbolFunctionName QualifiedName 
 SymbolFunctionName: SymbolName SymbolName TypeFunctionNoReturn SymbolName M TypeModifiers_opt TypeFunctionNoReturn

SymbolName: LName TemplateInstanceName IdentifierBackRef 0 // anonymous symbols

TemplateInstanceName: TemplateID LName TemplateArgs Z 
 TemplateID: __T __U // for symbols declared inside template constraint 
 TemplateArgs: TemplateArg TemplateArg TemplateArgs 
 TemplateArg: TemplateArgX H TemplateArgX

TemplateArgX: T Type V Type Value S QualifiedName X Number ExternallyMangledName

Values: Value Value Values 
 Value: n i Number N Number e HexFloat c HexFloat c HexFloat CharWidth Number _ HexDigits A Number Values S Number Values f MangledName 
 HexFloat: NAN INF NINF N HexDigits P Exponent HexDigits P Exponent 
 Exponent: N Number Number 
 HexDigits: HexDigit HexDigit HexDigits 
 HexDigit: Digit A B C D E F 
 CharWidth: a w d

Name: Namestart Namestart Namechars 
 Namestart: _ Alpha 
 Namechar: Namestart Digit 
 Namechars: Namechar Namechar Namechars

LName: Number Name Number __S Number // function-local parent symbols 
 Number: Digit Digit Number 
 Digit: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

TypeBackRef: Q NumberBackRef 
 IdentifierBackRef: Q NumberBackRef 
 NumberBackRef: lower-case-letter upper-case-letter NumberBackRef

Type: TypeModifiers_opt TypeX TypeBackRef 
 TypeX: TypeArray TypeStaticArray TypeAssocArray TypePointer TypeFunction TypeIdent TypeClass TypeStruct TypeEnum TypeTypedef TypeDelegate TypeVoid TypeByte TypeUbyte TypeShort TypeUshort TypeInt TypeUint TypeLong TypeUlong TypeCent TypeUcent TypeFloat TypeDouble TypeReal TypeIfloat TypeIdouble TypeIreal TypeCfloat TypeCdouble TypeCreal TypeBool TypeChar TypeWchar TypeDchar TypeNoreturn TypeNull TypeTuple TypeVector 
 TypeModifiers: Const Wild Wild Const Shared Shared Const Shared Wild Shared Wild Const Immutable 
 Shared: O 
 Const: x 
 Immutable: y 
 Wild: Ng 
 TypeArray: A Type 
 TypeStaticArray: G Number Type 
 TypeAssocArray: H Type Type 
 TypePointer: P Type 
 TypeVector: Nh Type 
 TypeFunction: TypeFunctionNoReturn Type 
 TypeFunctionNoReturn: CallConvention FuncAttrs_opt Parameters_opt ParamClose 
 CallConvention: F // D U // C W // Windows R // C++ Y // Objective-C 
 FuncAttrs: FuncAttr FuncAttr FuncAttrs 
 FuncAttr: FuncAttrPure FuncAttrNothrow FuncAttrRef FuncAttrProperty FuncAttrNogc FuncAttrReturn FuncAttrScope FuncAttrTrusted FuncAttrSafe FuncAttrLive

FuncAttrPure: Na 
 FuncAttrNogc: Ni 
 FuncAttrNothrow: Nb 
 FuncAttrProperty: Nd 
 FuncAttrRef: Nc 
 FuncAttrReturn: Nj 
 FuncAttrScope: Nl 
 FuncAttrTrusted: Ne 
 FuncAttrSafe: Nf 
 FuncAttrLive: Nm 
 Parameters: Parameter Parameter Parameters 
 Parameter: Parameter2 M Parameter2 // scope Nk Parameter2 // return 
 Parameter2: Type I Type // in J Type // out K Type // ref L Type // lazy 
 ParamClose: X // variadic T t...) style Y // variadic T t,...) style Z // not variadic 
 TypeIdent: I QualifiedName 
 TypeClass: C QualifiedName 
 TypeStruct: S QualifiedName 
 TypeEnum: E QualifiedName 
 TypeTypedef: T QualifiedName 
 TypeDelegate: D TypeModifiers_opt TypeFunction 
 TypeVoid: v 
 TypeByte: g 
 TypeUbyte: h 
 TypeShort: s 
 TypeUshort: t 
 TypeInt: i 
 TypeUint: k 
 TypeLong: l 
 TypeUlong: m 
 TypeCent: zi 
 TypeUcent: zk 
 TypeFloat: f 
 TypeDouble: d 
 TypeReal: e 
 TypeIfloat: o 
 TypeIdouble: p 
 TypeIreal: j 
 TypeCfloat: q 
 TypeCdouble: r 
 TypeCreal: c 
 TypeBool: b 
 TypeChar: a 
 TypeWchar: u 
 TypeDchar: w 
 TypeNoreturn: Nn 
 TypeNull: n 
 TypeTuple: B Parameters Z

ImportC

EnumDeclaration: enum Identifier : EnumBaseType EnumBody 
 EnumBaseType: Type

Editions

Edition: DecimalInteger

Interpolation Expression Sequence

Modules

Language Reference

D Grammar