refractive index

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refractive index

(ri-frak -tiv) (index of refraction) Symbol: n . The ratio of the speed of light, c , in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given medium. This is the absolute refractive index; it is always greater than one. The relative refractive index is the ratio of the speeds of light in two given media. The refractive index of a medium depends on the wavelength of the refracted wave: with light waves, n increases as the wavelength decreases, i.e. blue light is refracted (bent) more than red light. See also refraction.
Collins Dictionary of Astronomy © Market House Books Ltd, 2006

refractive index

[ri′frak·tiv ‚in‚deks]
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased.

Refractive Index

 

The relative refractive index of two media is the dimensionless ratio n21 of the velocity of the propagation of light (less frequently, of radio waves) in the first medium (v1) to that in the second medium (v2); thus, n21 = v1/v2. At the same time, the relative refractive index is the ratio of the sines of the angle of incidence a and the angle of refraction β at the interface between the two media: n21 = sin α/sin β. If the first medium is a vacuum (in which the speed of light is c ≃ 3 × 1010 cm/sec), the refractive index of the medium relative to the vacuum is called the absolute refractive index: n = c/v. The relative refractive index is the ratio between the absolute refractive indexes of the two media: n21 = n2/n1.

The refractive index depends on the wavelength λ (frequency v) of the radiation (seeDISPERSION OF LIGHT). The absolute refractive index is related to the dielectric constant ∊ and magnetic permeability μ of the medium by the equation nλ = Semicontinuous Function (∊ and μ are also functions of λ). The absolute refractive index of a medium is determined by the polarizability of its component particles, as well as by the structure of the medium and its state of aggregation (seeCLAUSIUS-MOSSOTTI EQUATION, LORENTZ-LORENZ FORMULA, AND ). In the case of mediums characterized by optical anisotropy, whether natural or induced, the refractive index depends on the radiation’s direction of propagation and its polarization. Many crystals are typical anisotropic media (seeCRYSTAL OPTICS). Media that absorb radiation are described by a complex refractive index ñ = n(1 + ik), where the term containing only n usually corresponds to the transmission of light without scattering and κ = kλ/4π describes absorption (k is the absorption coefficient of the medium). (See.)

In the range of visible light, the refractive index varies from 1.3 to 4.0 for weakly absorbing transparent solids. For liquids it ranges from 1.2 to 1.9, and for gases under normal conditions from 1.000035 (He) to 1.000702 (Xe).

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
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