You can use them in Image.visualize before adding the result to the map. You just plug the visualization parameters (with the computed values) into visualize, exactly like you're trying to do with Map.addLayer:
var EVIVisParam = { min: EVI_Min, max: EVI_Max, palette: ['FFFFFF', 'CE7E45', 'DF923D', 'F1B555', 'FCD163', '99B718', '74A901', '66A000', '529400', '3E8601', '207401', '056201', '004C00', '023B01', '012E01', '011D01', '011301'] } Map.addLayer(Aster_EVI2.visualize(EVIVisParam), {}, 'Aster EVI'); https://code.earthengine.google.com/4835e1695798d0d363c105bf99d12eaf