I'm done replacing the links in the planetmath-failures list provided by Glorfindel.
Methodology: It seems the errors were because the URL were changed to match the title. Given this, all I had to do was find the posts on the Wayback Machine and find the title in the index. There were also some other non-Planetmath links; all but two (#1, #2) were fixed; some comments were left on the exceptions.
Notably I found some links that were not in the list. These seem to be links that were 'bare', i.e. without any markdown or HTML formatting to include them as hyperlinks.
Here is my spreadsheet (I will remove this in the next edit to save on screen real-estate, then link to the first revision)