Example:

IP: 128.42.5.4

In binary: 10000000 00101010 00000101 00000100
 
 

Subnet: 255.255.248.0

How could you determine the prefix, network, subnet, and host numbers?

 32768 16384 8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 ----> Binary
 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255 ----> Sunet Mask
 /17 /18 /19 /20 /21 /22 /23 /24 ----> CIDR 
 32766 16382 8190 3094 2046 1022 510 254 ----> Host


 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 ----> Binary
 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255 ----> Sunet Mask
 /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 /31 /32 ----> CIDR 
 126 62 30 14 6 2 1 - ----> Host 

 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
 10000000 01000000 00100000 00010000 00001000 00000100 00000010 00000001

 Example 
 Network=192.168.1.0 /24; 
 Network Address with Subnet mask = 192.168.1.0 subnet 255.255.255.0 
 Ip address range 192.168.1.0----192.168.1.255
 Fist available ip address 192.168.1.1; 
 Last available ip address 192.168.1.254; 
 Broadcast address = 192.168.1.255;
 
 254 Host 
 ******************************************************************************** 
 Network=192.168.1.0 /25;
 Network Address with Subnet mask = 192.168.1.0 subnet 255.255.255.128
 Ip address range 192.168.1.0----192.168.1.128
 Fist available ip address 192.168.1.1; 
 Last available ip address 192.168.1.126;
 Broadcast address = 192.168.1.127;
 
 126 Hosts 
 ******************************************************************************** 
 When the CIDR increased ex. /24. /25. the network will divided by the 
 binary number.
 /25 increase network 0-128| 128- 256 | you will have 2 Networks 
 /26 increase network 0-64 | 64 - 128 | 128-192 | 192-256 you will have 4 Networks 
 .
 .
 .
 /32......