Example: Bayesian Models of Annotation

In this example, we run MCMC for various crowdsourced annotation models in [1].

All models have discrete latent variables. Under the hood, we enumerate over (marginalize out) those discrete latent sites in inference. Those models have different complexity so they are great references for those who are new to Pyro/NumPyro enumeration mechanism. We recommend readers compare the implementations with the corresponding plate diagrams in [1] to see how concise a Pyro/NumPyro program is.

The interested readers can also refer to [3] for more explanation about enumeration.

The data is taken from Table 1 of reference [2].

Currently, this example does not include postprocessing steps to deal with “Label Switching” issue (mentioned in section 6.2 of [1]).

References:

1. Paun, S., Carpenter, B., Chamberlain, J., Hovy, D., Kruschwitz, U., and Poesio, M. (2018). “Comparing bayesian models of annotation” (https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q18-1040/)

2. Dawid, A. P., and Skene, A. M. (1979). “Maximum likelihood estimation of observer error‐rates using the EM algorithm”

3. “Inference with Discrete Latent Variables” (http://pyro.ai/examples/enumeration.html)

import argparse import os import numpy as np from jax import nn, random, vmap import jax.numpy as jnp import numpyro from numpyro import handlers import numpyro.distributions as dist from numpyro.infer import MCMC, NUTS, Predictive from numpyro.infer.reparam import LocScaleReparam from numpyro.ops.indexing import Vindex def get_data():  """  :return: a tuple of annotator indices and class indices. The first term has shape  `num_positions` whose entries take values from `0` to `num_annotators - 1`.  The second term has shape `num_items x num_positions` whose entries take values  from `0` to `num_classes - 1`.  """ # NB: the first annotator assessed each item 3 times positions = np.array([1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) # fmt: off annotations = np.array( [[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 4], [1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2], [2, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1], [2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2], [2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2], [1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1], [3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3], [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3], [2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3], [4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4], [2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2], [1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1], [2, 2, 2, 1, 3, 2, 2], [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2], [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1], [2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2], [2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2], [2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2], [4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3], [2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2], [2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3], [3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 2], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1], [2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2], [1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]]) # fmt: on # we minus 1 because in Python, the first index is 0 return positions - 1, annotations - 1 def multinomial(annotations):  """  This model corresponds to the plate diagram in Figure 1 of reference [1].  """ num_classes = int(np.max(annotations)) + 1 num_items, num_positions = annotations.shape with numpyro.plate("class", num_classes): zeta = numpyro.sample("zeta", dist.Dirichlet(jnp.ones(num_classes))) pi = numpyro.sample("pi", dist.Dirichlet(jnp.ones(num_classes))) with numpyro.plate("item", num_items, dim=-2): c = numpyro.sample("c", dist.Categorical(pi), infer={"enumerate": "parallel"}) with numpyro.plate("position", num_positions): numpyro.sample("y", dist.Categorical(zeta[c]), obs=annotations) def dawid_skene(positions, annotations):  """  This model corresponds to the plate diagram in Figure 2 of reference [1].  """ num_annotators = int(np.max(positions)) + 1 num_classes = int(np.max(annotations)) + 1 num_items, num_positions = annotations.shape with numpyro.plate("annotator", num_annotators, dim=-2): with numpyro.plate("class", num_classes): beta = numpyro.sample("beta", dist.Dirichlet(jnp.ones(num_classes))) pi = numpyro.sample("pi", dist.Dirichlet(jnp.ones(num_classes))) with numpyro.plate("item", num_items, dim=-2): c = numpyro.sample("c", dist.Categorical(pi), infer={"enumerate": "parallel"}) # here we use Vindex to allow broadcasting for the second index `c` # ref: http://num.pyro.ai/en/latest/utilities.html#numpyro.contrib.indexing.vindex with numpyro.plate("position", num_positions): numpyro.sample( "y", dist.Categorical(Vindex(beta)[positions, c, :]), obs=annotations ) def mace(positions, annotations):  """  This model corresponds to the plate diagram in Figure 3 of reference [1].  """ num_annotators = int(np.max(positions)) + 1 num_classes = int(np.max(annotations)) + 1 num_items, num_positions = annotations.shape with numpyro.plate("annotator", num_annotators): epsilon = numpyro.sample("epsilon", dist.Dirichlet(jnp.full(num_classes, 10))) theta = numpyro.sample("theta", dist.Beta(0.5, 0.5)) with numpyro.plate("item", num_items, dim=-2): c = numpyro.sample( "c", dist.DiscreteUniform(0, num_classes - 1), infer={"enumerate": "parallel"}, ) with numpyro.plate("position", num_positions): s = numpyro.sample( "s", dist.Bernoulli(1 - theta[positions]), infer={"enumerate": "parallel"}, ) probs = jnp.where( s[..., None] == 0, nn.one_hot(c, num_classes), epsilon[positions] ) numpyro.sample("y", dist.Categorical(probs), obs=annotations) def hierarchical_dawid_skene(positions, annotations):  """  This model corresponds to the plate diagram in Figure 4 of reference [1].  """ num_annotators = int(np.max(positions)) + 1 num_classes = int(np.max(annotations)) + 1 num_items, num_positions = annotations.shape with numpyro.plate("class", num_classes): # NB: we define `beta` as the `logits` of `y` likelihood; but `logits` is # invariant up to a constant, so we'll follow [1]: fix the last term of `beta` # to 0 and only define hyperpriors for the first `num_classes - 1` terms. zeta = numpyro.sample( "zeta", dist.Normal(0, 1).expand([num_classes - 1]).to_event(1) ) omega = numpyro.sample( "Omega", dist.HalfNormal(1).expand([num_classes - 1]).to_event(1) ) with numpyro.plate("annotator", num_annotators, dim=-2): with numpyro.plate("class", num_classes): # non-centered parameterization with handlers.reparam(config={"beta": LocScaleReparam(0)}): beta = numpyro.sample("beta", dist.Normal(zeta, omega).to_event(1)) # pad 0 to the last item beta = jnp.pad(beta, [(0, 0)] * (jnp.ndim(beta) - 1) + [(0, 1)]) pi = numpyro.sample("pi", dist.Dirichlet(jnp.ones(num_classes))) with numpyro.plate("item", num_items, dim=-2): c = numpyro.sample("c", dist.Categorical(pi), infer={"enumerate": "parallel"}) with numpyro.plate("position", num_positions): logits = Vindex(beta)[positions, c, :] numpyro.sample("y", dist.Categorical(logits=logits), obs=annotations) def item_difficulty(annotations):  """  This model corresponds to the plate diagram in Figure 5 of reference [1].  """ num_classes = int(np.max(annotations)) + 1 num_items, num_positions = annotations.shape with numpyro.plate("class", num_classes): eta = numpyro.sample( "eta", dist.Normal(0, 1).expand([num_classes - 1]).to_event(1) ) chi = numpyro.sample( "Chi", dist.HalfNormal(1).expand([num_classes - 1]).to_event(1) ) pi = numpyro.sample("pi", dist.Dirichlet(jnp.ones(num_classes))) with numpyro.plate("item", num_items, dim=-2): c = numpyro.sample("c", dist.Categorical(pi), infer={"enumerate": "parallel"}) with handlers.reparam(config={"theta": LocScaleReparam(0)}): theta = numpyro.sample("theta", dist.Normal(eta[c], chi[c]).to_event(1)) theta = jnp.pad(theta, [(0, 0)] * (jnp.ndim(theta) - 1) + [(0, 1)]) with numpyro.plate("position", annotations.shape[-1]): numpyro.sample("y", dist.Categorical(logits=theta), obs=annotations) def logistic_random_effects(positions, annotations):  """  This model corresponds to the plate diagram in Figure 5 of reference [1].  """ num_annotators = int(np.max(positions)) + 1 num_classes = int(np.max(annotations)) + 1 num_items, num_positions = annotations.shape with numpyro.plate("class", num_classes): zeta = numpyro.sample( "zeta", dist.Normal(0, 1).expand([num_classes - 1]).to_event(1) ) omega = numpyro.sample( "Omega", dist.HalfNormal(1).expand([num_classes - 1]).to_event(1) ) chi = numpyro.sample( "Chi", dist.HalfNormal(1).expand([num_classes - 1]).to_event(1) ) with numpyro.plate("annotator", num_annotators, dim=-2): with numpyro.plate("class", num_classes): with handlers.reparam(config={"beta": LocScaleReparam(0)}): beta = numpyro.sample("beta", dist.Normal(zeta, omega).to_event(1)) beta = jnp.pad(beta, [(0, 0)] * (jnp.ndim(beta) - 1) + [(0, 1)]) pi = numpyro.sample("pi", dist.Dirichlet(jnp.ones(num_classes))) with numpyro.plate("item", num_items, dim=-2): c = numpyro.sample("c", dist.Categorical(pi), infer={"enumerate": "parallel"}) with handlers.reparam(config={"theta": LocScaleReparam(0)}): theta = numpyro.sample("theta", dist.Normal(0, chi[c]).to_event(1)) theta = jnp.pad(theta, [(0, 0)] * (jnp.ndim(theta) - 1) + [(0, 1)]) with numpyro.plate("position", num_positions): logits = Vindex(beta)[positions, c, :] - theta numpyro.sample("y", dist.Categorical(logits=logits), obs=annotations) NAME_TO_MODEL = { "mn": multinomial, "ds": dawid_skene, "mace": mace, "hds": hierarchical_dawid_skene, "id": item_difficulty, "lre": logistic_random_effects, } def main(args): annotators, annotations = get_data() model = NAME_TO_MODEL[args.model] data = ( (annotations,) if model in [multinomial, item_difficulty] else (annotators, annotations) ) mcmc = MCMC( NUTS(model), num_warmup=args.num_warmup, num_samples=args.num_samples, num_chains=args.num_chains, progress_bar=False if "NUMPYRO_SPHINXBUILD" in os.environ else True, ) mcmc.run(random.PRNGKey(0), *data) mcmc.print_summary() posterior_samples = mcmc.get_samples() predictive = Predictive(model, posterior_samples, infer_discrete=True) discrete_samples = predictive(random.PRNGKey(1), *data) item_class = vmap(lambda x: jnp.bincount(x, length=4), in_axes=1)( discrete_samples["c"].squeeze(-1) ) print("Histogram of the predicted class of each item:") row_format = "{:>10}" * 5 print(row_format.format("", *["c={}".format(i) for i in range(4)])) for i, row in enumerate(item_class): print(row_format.format(f"item[{i}]", *row)) 

Note

In the above inference code, we marginalized the discrete latent variables c hence mcmc.get_samples(…) does not include samples of c. We then utilize Predictive(…, infer_discrete=True) to get posterior samples for c, which is stored in discrete_samples. To merge those discrete samples into the mcmc instance, we can use the following pattern:

chain_discrete_samples = jax.tree.map( lambda x: x.reshape((args.num_chains, args.num_samples) + x.shape[1:]), discrete_samples) mcmc.get_samples().update(discrete_samples) mcmc.get_samples(group_by_chain=True).update(chain_discrete_samples) 

This is useful when we want to pass the mcmc instance to arviz through arviz.from_numpyro(mcmc).

if __name__ == "__main__": assert numpyro.__version__.startswith("0.19.0") parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Bayesian Models of Annotation") parser.add_argument("-n", "--num-samples", nargs="?", default=1000, type=int) parser.add_argument("--num-warmup", nargs="?", default=1000, type=int) parser.add_argument("--num-chains", nargs="?", default=1, type=int) parser.add_argument( "--model", nargs="?", default="ds", help='one of "mn" (multinomial), "ds" (dawid_skene), "mace",' ' "hds" (hierarchical_dawid_skene),' ' "id" (item_difficulty), "lre" (logistic_random_effects)', ) parser.add_argument("--device", default="cpu", type=str, help='use "cpu" or "gpu".') args = parser.parse_args() numpyro.set_platform(args.device) numpyro.set_host_device_count(args.num_chains) main(args)