This question is not about about the virtues of defensive programming, the dangers of corner cases, or the catastrophic risks of bugs in physical products. In fact it's not even really about software engineering at all.
What it's really about is how a junior practitioner handles an instruction from a senior practitioner when the junior can't agree or appreciate it.
There are two things you need to appreciate about being a junior developer. Firstly, it means that whilst it's possible that you're in the right, and him in the wrong, it is - on balance of probabilities - less likely than not likely. If your coworker is making a suggestion that you can't see the value of, you need to seriously entertain the possibility that you're just not experienced enough to understand it. I don't get that sense from this post.
The second thing to appreciate is that your senior partner is so-called because he has more responsibility. If a junior breaks something important, they're not going to be in trouble if they followed instructions. If a senior allowed them to break it, however - by not raising issues in code review, for instance - they would quite rightly be in a lot of bother.
Ultimately, it's an implicit requirement of your job that you observe instructions from those the business trust to lead their projects. Are you generally unable to defer to seniors when there's good reason to value their experience? Do you intend to follow no instruction you cannot understand? Do you think the world should stop until you are convinced? These values are incompatible with working in a team.
A final point. Think back to the projects you wrote six months ago. Think of the projects you wrote at university. See how bad they now seem - all the bugs and upside-down design, the blind spots and the misguided abstractions? What if I told you that in six months' time you'll count the very same flaws in work you're doing today? ThatDoes that help demonstrate how many blind spots are in your current approach? Because that is the difference that experience makes.