No, this doesn't work. At least not the important second half.
Yes, they can duck behind the corner and hide. All they need to do to be allowed to hide is breaking line of sight.
No, they can't just pop back out and sneak attack. To sneak attack they need advantage, and to get that from being unseen they have to still be unseen when then attack (PHB, p. 195):
When a creature can't see you, you have advantage on attack rolls against it.
Unfortunately for the rogue, as soon as they pop out in front of an attacker that's already aware of their presence they are immediately seen and no longer count as unseen when they attack (PHB, p. 177):
In combat, most creatures stay alert for signs of danger all around, so if you come out of hiding and approach a creature, it usually sees you.
Sneak attack only works if they sneak up on an enemy who doesn't know they're there. Popping out of hiding isn't sneaky, unless the enemy is surprised — and they can't surprise an enemy that is “aware of danger”. When they duck behind a corner in combat, the enemy is aware of danger, and watching all around and is impossible to sneak up on without unusual circumstances, because that enemy is the opposite of surprised — they are actively on guard.