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lang-py
x=[]means "create an empty list object, and bind the name 'x' to it." So, indef f(x=[]), an empty list is also created. It doesn't always get bound to x, so instead it gets bound to the default surrogate. Later when f() is called, the default is hauled out and bound to x. Since it was the empty list itself that was squirreled away, that same list is the only thing available to bind to x, whether anything has been stuck inside it or not. How could it be otherwise?