Possible Duplicate: What do the "=&" and "&=" operators in PHP mean?
I found the operator "=&" in the following code, and I do not know what it means. What does it mean and what does it do?
The code where I read it:
function ContentParseRoute($segments) { $vars = array(); //Get the active menu item $menu =& JSite::getMenu(); $item =& $menu->getActive(); // Count route segments $count = count($segments); .... This is an assignment (=) by reference (&) operator.
If you were to say:
$a = 42; $b =& $a; You are actually saying assign $a by reference to $b.
What assigning by reference does is "tie" the two variables together. Now, if you were to modify $a later on, $b would change with it.
For example:
$a = 42; $b =& $a; //later echo $a; // 42 echo $b; // 42 $a = 13; echo $a; // 13 echo $b; // 13 EDIT:
As Artefacto points out in the comments, $a =& $b is not the same as $a = (&$b).
This is because while the & operator means make a reference out of something, the = operator does assign-by-value, so the expression $a = (&$b) means make a temporary reference to $b, then assign the value of that temporary to $a, which is not assign-by-reference.
$b = (&$a); is invalid syntax. I know that's not your point, but =& is actually a single operator, and translates to the opcode ASSIGN_REF. This is not an irrelevant internals observation. Consider a function func that returns by reference $a = func(). This function is returning a reference, yet $a won't be a reference because the operator = breaks the reference set and clears the flag. You have to actually do $a =& $func(). & means "make a reference out of this (e.g. array(&$a)), but making a reference is not enough to assign by reference.
It is the referential assignment operator.
This means that when you modify the LHS of the operator later on in code, it will modify the RHS. You are pointing the LHS to the same block of memory that the RHS occupies.
$a = $b;, $b will, in most cases, also point to the same memory block as $a. The difference is that the variable will be separated on modification, while if it is in a reference set, it will. It may be more accurate to say `The symbols on the LHS and the RHS are the same variable" or something to that effect, and leave out the "memory" reference.
$lhs=&$a; $lhs='yes'; echo $a; prints "yes"? and Does "modify" mean that $lhs=&$a; $a='yes'; echo $lhs; prints "yes"?Here's an example of it in use:
$array = array('apple', 'orange', 'banana'); // Without & foreach($array as $d) { $d = 'fruit'; } echo implode(', ', $array); // apple, orange, banana // With & foreach($array as &$d) { $d = 'fruit'; } echo implode(', ', $array); // fruit, fruit, fruit Not an explanation, but an example of being able to use the & operator without using it in an =& assignment.
&. They're all related to references somehow, but they don't mean the same thing.