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  • $\begingroup$ Thank you for reply. Difference is a normal factor indeed. I should have been clearer that I would like to ADD the random effects, not just have the random effects, my bad. I am used to "full" models with lme4. I also need the model to "answer" quite some questions, hence the complexity. $\endgroup$ Commented Dec 5, 2023 at 22:18
  • $\begingroup$ Does the order in s(participant, difference, bs='re') matter? Could it also be s(difference, participant, bs='re')? $\endgroup$ Commented Dec 5, 2023 at 22:20