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hcommand copies the pattern space to the hold space, which persist untilsedends. After the end of the script everything is cleared, because the binary exited.sedthere is only one hold space. It's like a variable which can contain something.-nwe have to delete every line except the last. At the last line sed appends everything from the hold space to the pattern space. And because thedcommand will not be executed, the line is printed (this line contains now the whole file reversed).hcommand on the last line is sort-of a no-op.” (with added emphasis, and slightly paraphrased). He’s right; whensedis processing the last line of input, theGreads the hold space (in order to append it to the pattern space), and then thehcopies the pattern space to the hold space, which is never referenced again. We could just as well saysed 'G;$!h;$!d'orsed 'G;$!{h;d}'. (2) We could avoid usingdby sayingsed -n 'G;h;$p'.