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What follows is one avenue to a solution. I am indebted to Thomas Dickey answer for having put me in the right direction.

Issue

The problem is that the custom-installed compiler gcc 6.3.0 cannot find the files of the libstdc++ family contained within /usr/include/ in the Ubuntu distribution.

###Cause# At point of installation, the configure file for gcc 6.3.0 itself silently followed the default specification as for the target directory where to find local (previously installed) header files. This default is /usr/local/include/. See https://gcc.gnu.org/install/configure.html for details.

###Fix# The compiler reinstalled with the ./configure --with-local-prefix=/usr has created a new gcc that is able to fetch the required files where Ubuntu has put them. No further adjustement of the CPPFLAGS is needed with respect to what has been shown in the question. However, the setting --with-local-prefix=/usr is discouraged (see quote in https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/348868/132913), so this is a workaround.

###Check#

The empirical test for this strategy is that the make of HDF 1.8.18 proceeds where it once got stranded. All tests in the make check are passed successfully.

###Alternatives I have note explored (yet) the other avenue of installing a fresh libstdc++ library that serves specifically the custom install of gcc (switch --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs). I have raised this possibility in the question frame above in search of cues. That might well be a more robust solution. The thread remains open for the moment. Thanks for contributing/editing

What follows is one avenue to a solution. I am indebted to Thomas Dickey answer for having put me in the right direction.

Issue

The problem is that the custom-installed compiler gcc 6.3.0 cannot find the files of the libstdc++ family contained within /usr/include/ in the Ubuntu distribution.

Cause

At point of installation, the configure file for gcc 6.3.0 itself silently followed the default specification as for the target directory where to find local (previously installed) header files. This default is /usr/local/include/. See https://gcc.gnu.org/install/configure.html for details.

Fix

The compiler reinstalled with the ./configure --with-local-prefix=/usr has created a new gcc that is able to fetch the required files where Ubuntu has put them. No further adjustement of the CPPFLAGS is needed with respect to what has been shown in the question. However, the setting --with-local-prefix=/usr is discouraged (see quote in https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/348868/132913), so this is a workaround.

Check

The empirical test for this strategy is that the make of HDF 1.8.18 proceeds where it once got stranded. All tests in the make check are passed successfully.

Alternatives

I have note explored (yet) the other avenue of installing a fresh libstdc++ library that serves specifically the custom install of gcc (switch --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs). I have raised this possibility in the question frame above in search of cues. That might well be a more robust solution. The thread remains open for the moment. Thanks for contributing/editing

What follows is one avenue to a solution. I am indebted to Thomas Dickey answer for having put me in the right direction.

Issue

The problem is that the custom-installed compiler gcc 6.3.0 cannot find the files of the libstdc++ family contained within /usr/include/ in the Ubuntu distribution.

###Cause# At point of installation, the configure file for gcc 6.3.0 itself silently followed the default specification as for the target directory where to find local (previously installed) header files. This default is /usr/local/include/. See https://gcc.gnu.org/install/configure.html for details.

###Fix# The compiler reinstalled with the ./configure --with-local-prefix=/usr has created a new gcc that is able to fetch the required files where Ubuntu has put them. No further adjustement of the CPPFLAGS is needed with respect to what has been shown in the question. However, the setting --with-local-prefix=/usr is discouraged (see quote in https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/348868/132913), so this is a workaround.

###Check#

The empirical test for this strategy is that the make of HDF 1.8.18 proceeds where it once got stranded. All tests in the make check are passed successfully.

###Alternatives I have note explored (yet) the other avenue of installing a fresh libstdc++ library that serves specifically the custom install of gcc. I have added a new question in the frame above in search of cues. That might well be a more robust solution. The thread remains open for the moment. Thanks for contributing/editing

What follows is one avenue to a solution. I am indebted to Thomas Dickey answer for having put me in the right direction.

Issue

The problem is that the custom-installed compiler gcc 6.3.0 cannot find the files of the libstdc++ family contained within /usr/include/ in the Ubuntu distribution.

###Cause# At point of installation, the configure file for gcc 6.3.0 itself silently followed the default specification as for the target directory where to find local (previously installed) header files. This default is /usr/local/include/. See https://gcc.gnu.org/install/configure.html for details.

###Fix# The compiler reinstalled with the ./configure --with-local-prefix=/usr has created a new gcc that is able to fetch the required files where Ubuntu has put them. No further adjustement of the CPPFLAGS is needed with respect to what has been shown in the question. However, the setting --with-local-prefix=/usr is discouraged (see quote in https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/348868/132913), so this is a workaround.

###Check#

The empirical test for this strategy is that the make of HDF 1.8.18 proceeds where it once got stranded. All tests in the make check are passed successfully.

###Alternatives I have note explored (yet) the other avenue of installing a fresh libstdc++ library that serves specifically the custom install of gcc (switch --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs). I have raised this possibility in the question frame above in search of cues. That might well be a more robust solution. The thread remains open for the moment. Thanks for contributing/editing

This is one avenue to a solution. I am indebted to Thomas Dickey answer for having put me in the right direction.

The problem is that the custom-installed compiler gcc 6.3.0 cannot find the key files of the libstdc++ family that, in the Ubuntu distribution, are contained within /usr/include/.

At point of installation, the configure file for gcc 6.3.0 itself silently followed the default specification as for the target directory where to find local (previously installed) header files. This default is /usr/local/include/. See https://gcc.gnu.org/install/configure.html for details.

The compiler reinstalled with the ./configure --with-local-prefix=/usr has created a new gcc that is able to fetch the required files where Ubuntu has put them. No further adjustement of the CPPFLAGS is needed with respect to what has been shown in the question.

The empirical test for this strategy is that the make of HDF 1.8.18 proceeds where it once got stranded and all tests in the make check are passed successfully.

I have note explored (yet) the other avenue of installing a fresh libstdc++ library that serves specifically the custom install of gcc. I have added a new question in the frame above in search of cues. That might well be a more robust solution. The thread remains open for the moment. Thanks for contributing/editing

What follows is one avenue to a solution. I am indebted to Thomas Dickey answer for having put me in the right direction.

Issue

The problem is that the custom-installed compiler gcc 6.3.0 cannot find the files of the libstdc++ family contained within /usr/include/ in the Ubuntu distribution.

###Cause# At point of installation, the configure file for gcc 6.3.0 itself silently followed the default specification as for the target directory where to find local (previously installed) header files. This default is /usr/local/include/. See https://gcc.gnu.org/install/configure.html for details.

###Fix# The compiler reinstalled with the ./configure --with-local-prefix=/usr has created a new gcc that is able to fetch the required files where Ubuntu has put them. No further adjustement of the CPPFLAGS is needed with respect to what has been shown in the question. However, the setting --with-local-prefix=/usr is discouraged (see quote in https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/348868/132913), so this is a workaround.

###Check#

The empirical test for this strategy is that the make of HDF 1.8.18 proceeds where it once got stranded. All tests in the make check are passed successfully.

###Alternatives I have note explored (yet) the other avenue of installing a fresh libstdc++ library that serves specifically the custom install of gcc. I have added a new question in the frame above in search of cues. That might well be a more robust solution. The thread remains open for the moment. Thanks for contributing/editing