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  • Oh, duh, I missed the significance of qemu-i386. The ELF “hacking” is very minor, all that happens is that ARCH_DLINFO_IA32 is added and the vDSO is made available. There’s more to the syscall handling than the varying syscall numbers: i386 and x86-64 have different syscall mechanisms (SYSCALL, SYSENTER, interrupt 0x80). Commented Jan 18, 2024 at 11:55
  • IA-32 Linux syscalls are generally done by either int 0x80 or vDSO. SYSENTER is rigged with pitfalls for assembly usage (thanks to vDSO), and SYSCALL is not available for Intel processors outside long (64-bit) mode. Commented Jan 18, 2024 at 14:46