grep solution
grep '^=.*rst' *.adoc where
^begin of line=equal.*anything any number of timerststring rst (you were looking for fifth ? )
this will list files and found line
first.adoc:= The title of the first file to only files use -l ( or --file-with-matches)
grep -l '^=.*rst' *.adoc to only list lines and not the filename use -h (or --no-filename)
see man grep