I can't/won't try to decipher the log messages, and the following is offered on the basis of your comment re the *password* in your question. Two possibilities for this occur to me: 

1. If you're getting a password prompt, that ***may be*** because you *opted* to password-protect your key when you generated your keys with `ssh-keygen`. This is not the same as authenticating yourself to the server with a passphrase - the password created during `ssh-keygen` is to prevent someone else from using the key pair you generated. 

2. Just to briefly review basic SSH functionality:

* The system from which you initiate the SSH connection is the **client**.

* The system to which the client connects is the **server**. 

* The public & private key generation is done on the **client**

* The public key is transferred from the **client** to the **server**

* There are many good tutorials available on this proedure. [This one from DO](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-configure-ssh-key-based-authentication-on-a-linux-server) seems like a good one to me.