c++ - How to print a stack trace whenever a certain function is called

C++ - How to print a stack trace whenever a certain function is called

Printing a stack trace in C++ whenever a specific function is called can be quite useful for debugging purposes. However, handling stack traces in C++ is not as straightforward as in some other languages due to the language's low-level nature. Here are a few approaches depending on your platform and compiler:

1. Using Platform-Specific Libraries

On Linux

On Linux, you can use the backtrace function provided by the execinfo.h library to obtain a stack trace.

Example:

#include <iostream> #include <execinfo.h> #include <cstdlib> void printStackTrace() { const int maxFrames = 64; void* addrlist[maxFrames + 1]; int addrlen = backtrace(addrlist, sizeof(addrlist) / sizeof(void*)); if (addrlen == 0) { std::cerr << "No stack trace available\n"; return; } backtrace_symbols_fd(addrlist, addrlen, fileno(stderr)); } void myFunction() { std::cout << "Function called\n"; printStackTrace(); } int main() { myFunction(); return 0; }

Compiling:

g++ -o my_program my_program.cpp

On Windows

On Windows, you can use the StackWalk64 function from the DbgHelp library to obtain a stack trace.

Example:

#include <windows.h> #include <dbghelp.h> #include <iostream> #include <vector> #pragma comment(lib, "dbghelp.lib") void printStackTrace() { HANDLE process = GetCurrentProcess(); HANDLE thread = GetCurrentThread(); CONTEXT context = {0}; STACKFRAME64 stackFrame = {0}; std::vector<void*> stack; context.ContextFlags = CONTEXT_FULL; RtlCaptureContext(&context); stackFrame.AddrPC.Offset = context.Rip; stackFrame.AddrPC.Mode = AddrModeFlat; stackFrame.AddrStack.Offset = context.Rsp; stackFrame.AddrStack.Mode = AddrModeFlat; stackFrame.AddrFrame.Offset = context.Rbp; stackFrame.AddrFrame.Mode = AddrModeFlat; for (int i = 0; i < 64; ++i) { if (!StackWalk64(IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_AMD64, process, thread, &stackFrame, &context, nullptr, SymFunctionTableAccess64, SymGetModuleBase64, nullptr)) { break; } stack.push_back(reinterpret_cast<void*>(stackFrame.AddrPC.Offset)); } for (auto addr : stack) { std::cout << addr << std::endl; } } void myFunction() { std::cout << "Function called\n"; printStackTrace(); } int main() { SymInitialize(GetCurrentProcess(), nullptr, TRUE); myFunction(); return 0; }

Compiling:

cl /EHsc /MD my_program.cpp /link /DEBUG

2. Using Cross-Platform Libraries

For a cross-platform solution, you can use libraries such as Boost.Stacktrace.

Example with Boost.Stacktrace:

  1. Install Boost Stacktrace: Ensure you have Boost installed. You can install Boost using a package manager or download it from the Boost website.

  2. Include Boost Stacktrace:

    #include <boost/stacktrace.hpp> #include <iostream> void printStackTrace() { std::cout << boost::stacktrace::stacktrace(); } void myFunction() { std::cout << "Function called\n"; printStackTrace(); } int main() { myFunction(); return 0; }

Compiling with Boost:

g++ -o my_program my_program.cpp -lboost_stacktrace_basic

Summary

  • Linux: Use backtrace and backtrace_symbols_fd from execinfo.h.
  • Windows: Use StackWalk64 from the DbgHelp library.
  • Cross-Platform: Use Boost.Stacktrace for a more portable solution.

Choose the method that best fits your development environment and the platforms you are targeting.

Examples

  1. "C++ print stack trace using std::exception"

    Description: This query demonstrates how to print a stack trace when an exception is thrown by capturing the exception and using the std::exception class.

    Code:

    #include <iostream> #include <exception> void functionThatThrows() { throw std::runtime_error("An error occurred!"); } void printStackTrace() { try { functionThatThrows(); } catch (const std::exception& e) { std::cerr << "Exception: " << e.what() << std::endl; } } int main() { printStackTrace(); return 0; }

    Description: This code shows how to catch exceptions and print the exception message, which can be useful for debugging.

  2. "C++ stack trace using Backtrace library"

    Description: This query shows how to use the Backtrace library to capture and print a stack trace.

    Code:

    #include <iostream> #include <execinfo.h> #include <signal.h> #include <stdlib.h> void printStackTrace() { void *array[10]; size_t size; size = backtrace(array, 10); backtrace_symbols_fd(array, size, fileno(stderr)); } void signalHandler(int signum) { printStackTrace(); exit(signum); } int main() { signal(SIGSEGV, signalHandler); // Register signal handler // Trigger a segmentation fault int *p = nullptr; *p = 0; return 0; }

    Description: This code uses backtrace to capture the stack trace and backtrace_symbols_fd to print it to stderr.

  3. "C++ print stack trace using gdb"

    Description: This query provides an example of how to use gdb to print a stack trace at runtime.

    Code:

    // Compile with -g flag for debugging information // g++ -g -o example example.cpp #include <iostream> void functionThatCrashes() { int *p = nullptr; *p = 0; // Trigger a segmentation fault } int main() { functionThatCrashes(); return 0; }

    Description: Run gdb on the compiled binary and use the bt command to print the stack trace when the program crashes.

  4. "C++ stack trace with Boost.Stacktrace library"

    Description: This query demonstrates how to use the Boost.Stacktrace library to capture and print stack traces.

    Code:

    #include <iostream> #include <boost/stacktrace.hpp> void printStackTrace() { std::cerr << boost::stacktrace::stacktrace(); } void functionThatFails() { throw std::runtime_error("Error"); } int main() { try { functionThatFails(); } catch (...) { printStackTrace(); } return 0; }

    Description: The Boost.Stacktrace library provides a convenient way to capture and print stack traces.

  5. "C++ print stack trace using Windows API"

    Description: This query shows how to use Windows API functions to print a stack trace.

    Code:

    #include <windows.h> #include <dbghelp.h> #include <iostream> void printStackTrace() { HANDLE process = GetCurrentProcess(); SymInitialize(process, NULL, TRUE); void* stack[100]; USHORT frames = CaptureStackBackTrace(0, 100, stack, NULL); for (USHORT i = 0; i < frames; ++i) { DWORD64 address = (DWORD64)(stack[i]); DWORD64 displacement = 0; char buffer[sizeof(SYMBOL_INFO) + 256] = { 0 }; PSYMBOL_INFO symbol = (PSYMBOL_INFO)buffer; symbol->SizeOfStruct = sizeof(SYMBOL_INFO); symbol->MaxNameLen = 255; if (SymFromAddr(process, address, &displacement, symbol)) { std::cout << symbol->Name << " - " << std::hex << symbol->Address << std::dec << std::endl; } } } int main() { printStackTrace(); return 0; }

    Description: This code uses Windows API functions SymFromAddr and CaptureStackBackTrace to print stack traces on Windows.

  6. "C++ print stack trace in debug mode with assert"

    Description: This query illustrates using assert to print a stack trace when a condition fails.

    Code:

    #include <iostream> #include <cassert> #include <execinfo.h> void printStackTrace() { void *array[10]; size_t size; size = backtrace(array, 10); backtrace_symbols_fd(array, size, fileno(stderr)); } void functionThatFails() { assert(false && "Assert failed!"); } int main() { functionThatFails(); return 0; }

    Description: Use assert to handle error conditions and call printStackTrace when the assertion fails.

  7. "C++ print stack trace when using std::terminate"

    Description: This query shows how to handle stack traces when std::terminate is called.

    Code:

    #include <iostream> #include <exception> #include <cstdlib> #include <execinfo.h> void printStackTrace() { void *array[10]; size_t size; size = backtrace(array, 10); backtrace_symbols_fd(array, size, fileno(stderr)); } void terminateHandler() { printStackTrace(); std::abort(); } int main() { std::set_terminate(terminateHandler); // Set terminate handler throw std::runtime_error("Test"); return 0; }

    Description: By setting a custom terminate handler, this code prints the stack trace when an unhandled exception is thrown.

  8. "C++ stack trace with AddressSanitizer"

    Description: This query demonstrates how to use AddressSanitizer to obtain stack traces for memory issues.

    Code:

    #include <iostream> void functionThatCrashes() { int* p = new int[100]; delete[] p; p[0] = 42; // Use-after-free } int main() { functionThatCrashes(); return 0; }

    Description: Compile with -fsanitize=address to get detailed stack traces for memory errors.

  9. "C++ stack trace with libunwind library"

    Description: This query shows how to use libunwind to capture and print stack traces.

    Code:

    #include <libunwind.h> #include <iostream> void printStackTrace() { unw_cursor_t cursor; unw_context_t uc; unw_getcontext(&uc); unw_init_local(&cursor, &uc); while (unw_step(&cursor) > 0) { unw_word_t ip; unw_get_reg(&cursor, UNW_REG_IP, &ip); std::cout << std::hex << ip << std::dec << std::endl; } } void functionThatFails() { throw std::runtime_error("Test"); } int main() { try { functionThatFails(); } catch (...) { printStackTrace(); } return 0; }

    Description: libunwind provides functions to capture and print stack traces.

  10. "C++ stack trace with Crashpad library"

    Description: This query shows how to use the Crashpad library to capture and manage stack traces.

    Code:

    #include <iostream> #include <crashpad/client/crashpad_client.h> void printStackTrace() { // Crashpad setup and initialization crashpad::CrashpadClient client; // Code to capture and handle the crash } void functionThatFails() { throw std::runtime_error("Test"); } int main() { try { functionThatFails(); } catch (...) { printStackTrace(); } return 0; }

    Description: Crashpad is a crash-reporting library that helps capture and manage crashes, including stack traces.

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