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Intro to Game Programming

The document presents a comprehensive introduction to game programming using the Cocos framework, focusing on concepts like displaying graphics, controlling animations, user input, and gameplay mechanics. It covers practical implementations, including creating game scenes, handling user controls, managing game objects, and implementing collision detection. Additionally, it discusses sound integration, game architecture, player lives, and different game types, offering resources for further learning.

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Introduction To Game Programming EuroPython 2010 Richard Jones
The Basics
The Basics • Displaying something
The Basics • Displaying something • Controlling animation
The Basics • Displaying something • Controlling animation • User input
The Basics • Displaying something • Controlling animation • User input • Gameplay mechanics
The Basics • Displaying something • Controlling animation • User input • Gameplay mechanics • Playing sound effects and music
The Basics • Displaying something • Controlling animation • User input • Gameplay mechanics • Playing sound effects and music • Game architecture
Displaying Something
Displaying Something • Opening a window
Displaying Something • Opening a window • Reading images
Displaying Something • Opening a window • Reading images • Displaying images
Displaying Something • Opening a window • Reading images • Displaying images • Organising the display of images (scene composition)
Sky fixed
Distance parallax=.5
Midfield parallax=.8
Foreground 1
Foreground 2
Game Triggers
Opening a Window import cocos from cocos.director import director director.init() scene = cocos.scene.Scene() director.run(scene)
Drawing import cocos from cocos.director import director director.init() scene = cocos.scene.Scene() sprite = cocos.sprite.Sprite('kitten.jpg') scene.add(sprite) director.run(scene)
Anchoring (256, 256) 512 px 512 px
Anchoring (256, 256)
Anchoring (0,0)
Anchoring import cocos from cocos.director import director director.init() scene = cocos.scene.Scene() sprite = cocos.sprite.Sprite('kitten.jpg', anchor=(0,0)) scene.add(sprite) director.run(scene)
Using a Layer import cocos from cocos.director import director director.init() scene = cocos.scene.Scene() layer = cocos.layer.Layer() scene.add(layer) sprite = cocos.sprite.Sprite('kitten.jpg', anchor=(0,0)) layer.add(sprite) director.run(scene)
Animation import cocos from cocos import actions from cocos.director import director ... scene = cocos.scene.Scene() layer = cocos.layer.Layer() scene.add(layer) sprite = cocos.sprite.Sprite('kitten.jpg', anchor=(0,0)) layer.add(sprite) sprite.do(actions.MoveBy((100, 0))) director.run(scene)
Getting Organised import cocos from cocos import actions from cocos.director import director class AsteroidsGame(cocos.scene.Scene): def __init__(self): super(AsteroidsGame, self).__init__() self.player = cocos.layer.Layer() self.add(self.player) self.ship = cocos.sprite.Sprite('data/ship.png', (width/2, height/2)) velocity = (100, 0) self.ship.do(actions.MoveBy(velocity)) self.player.add(self.ship) director.init() width, height = director.get_window_size() director.run(AsteroidsGame())
Adding Asteroids import random import cocos from cocos import actions from cocos.director import director def create_asteroid(layer, size, position, speed): '''Create an asteroid of a certain size and speed. ''' s = cocos.sprite.Sprite('data/%s_asteroid.png' % size, position) s.size = size layer.add(s) velocity = (random.randint(-speed, speed), random.randint(-speed, speed)) dr = random.randint(-speed, speed) s.do(actions.Repeat(actions.MoveBy(velocity, 1) | actions.RotateBy(dr, 1))) ...
Adding Asteroids ... super(AsteroidsGame, self).__init__() # place the asteroids in a layer by themselves self.asteroids = cocos.layer.Layer() self.add(self.asteroids) for i in range(3): # place asteroids at random positions around the screen position = (random.randint(0, width), random.randint(0, height)) create_asteroid(self.asteroids, 'big', position, 100) # place the player ship in another layer ...
Better action ... s = cocos.sprite.Sprite('data/%s_asteroid.png' % size, position) s.size = size layer.add(s) s.velocity = (random.randint(-speed, speed), random.randint(-speed, speed)) s.dr = random.randint(-speed, speed) s.do(actions.Move()) ...
Screen Wrapping ... s.velocity = (random.randint(-speed, speed), random.randint(-speed, speed)) s.dr = random.randint(-speed, speed) s.do(actions.WrappedMove(width, height)) ... self.ship.velocity = (100, 0) # move the ship kinematically and wrapped to the screen size self.ship.do(actions.WrappedMove(width, height)) self.player.add(self.ship) ...
Gameplay Mechanics
Gameplay Mechanics • Player Controls
Gameplay Mechanics • Player Controls • Timed rules (when objects appear; moving the play field)
Gameplay Mechanics • Player Controls • Timed rules (when objects appear; moving the play field) • Interaction of game objects
Gameplay Mechanics • Player Controls • Timed rules (when objects appear; moving the play field) • Interaction of game objects • Detecting important events (game won or game over)
User Input
User Input • Getting events
User Input • Getting events • Distinct keyboard events vs. keyboard state
Control import math import random from pyglet.window import key import cocos from cocos import actions from cocos.director import director
Control y = speed x sin(rotation) ng) ho oti rs n, o er atio l a cce d (or s pee rotation x = speed x cos(rotation)
Control x = speed x cos(rotation) y = speed x sin(-rotation) rotation spe ed (or acc ele rat ion , or sho oti ng)
Control class MoveShip(actions.WrappedMove): def step(self, dt): super(MoveShip, self).step(dt) # set the rotation using the left and right arrow keys self.target.dr = (keys[key.RIGHT] - keys[key.LEFT]) * 360 # figure the x and y heading components from the rotation rotation = math.radians(self.target.rotation) rotation_x = math.cos(rotation) rotation_y = math.sin(-rotation) # accelerate along the heading acc = keys[key.UP] * 200 self.target.acceleration = (acc * rotation_x, acc * rotation_y)
Control ... self.ship = cocos.sprite.Sprite('data/ship.png', (width/2, height/2)) self.ship.velocity = (0, 0) # animate the ship with our custom action self. ship.do(MoveShip(width, height)) self.player.add(self. ship) ...
Control ... # open the window, get dimensions, watch the keyboard and run our scene director.init() width, height = director.get_window_size() keys = key.KeyStateHandler() director.window.push_handlers(keys) director.run(AsteriodsGame())
Detecting Collisions
Detecting Collisions • Pixel-Perfect
Detecting Collisions • Pixel-Perfect • Axis-Aligned Bounding Box
Detecting Collisions • Pixel-Perfect • Axis-Aligned Bounding Box • Circle-Circle
Detecting Collisions • Pixel-Perfect • Axis-Aligned Bounding Box • Circle-Circle • Hash Map
Detecting Collisions Pixel-Perfect
Detecting Collisions Axis-Aligned Bounding Box
Detecting Collisions Axis-Aligned Bounding Box
Detecting Collisions Axis-Aligned Bounding Box
Detecting Collisions Circle-Circle
Detecting Collisions Circle-Circle
Detecting Collisions Circle-Circle
Detecting Collisions Circle-Circle
Detecting Collisions Hash Map d = {(42,42): [ship], (43, 42): [ship], (44, 42): ship, ... (52, 45): [asteroid], (53, 45): [asteroid], ...}
Collision Detection
Collision Detection
Collision Detection
Collision Detection
Collision Detection distance
... Collision self.target.acceleration = (acc * rotation_x, acc * rotation_y) def collide(a, b): '''Determine whether two objects with a center point and width (diameter) are colliding.''' distance = math.sqrt((a.x-b.x)**2 + (a.y-b.y)**2) return distance < (a.width/2 + b.width/2) class MoveAsteroid(actions.WrappedMove): def step(self, dt): super(MoveAsteroid, self).step(dt) # detect collision between this asteroid and the ship if collide(self.target, director.scene.ship): quit('GAME OVER') def create_asteroid(layer, size, position, speed): ...
Collision def create_asteroid(layer, size, position, speed): '''Create an asteroid of a certain size and speed. ''' s = cocos.sprite.Sprite('data/%s_asteroid.png' % size, position) s.size = size layer.add(s) s.velocity = (random.randint(-speed, speed), random.randint(-speed, speed)) s.dr = random.randint(-speed, speed) s.do(MoveAsteroid(width, height)) ...
Shooting ... self.target.acceleration = (acc * rotation_x, acc * rotation_y) if self.target.gun_cooldown: # still limiting the gun rate of fire self.target.gun_cooldown = max(0, self.target.gun_cooldown - dt) elif keys[key.SPACE]: # fire a bullet from the ship b = cocos.sprite.Sprite('data/bullet.png', (self.target.x, self.target.y)) # send it in the same heading as the ship b.velocity = (rotation_x * 400, rotation_y * 400) # the bullet has a lifespan of 1 second b.life = 1 director.scene.player.add(b) # move the bullet with its custom action b.do(MoveBullet(width, height)) # ship may only shoot twice per second self.target.gun_cooldown = .5 ...
Shooting class MoveBullet(actions.WrappedMove): def step(self, dt): super(MoveBullet, self).step(dt) # age the bullet self.target.life -= dt if self.target.life < 0: # remove from play if it's too old self.target.kill() return # see if the bullet hits any asteroids for asteroid in director.scene.asteroids.get_children(): if collide(self.target, asteroid): # remove the bullet and asteroid self.target.kill() asteroid.kill() return
... and winning ... super(MoveShip, self).step(dt) # if there's no asteroids left then the player has won if not director.scene.asteroids.children: quit('YOU WIN') # set the rotation using the left and right arrow keys self.target.dr = (keys[key.RIGHT] - keys[key.LEFT]) * 360 ...
Creating chunks def create_asteroid(layer, size, position, velocity, rotation, speed): '''Create an asteroid of a certain size, possibly inheriting its parent's velocity and rotation. ''' s = cocos.sprite.Sprite('data/%s_asteroid.png' % size, position) s.size = size dx, dy = velocity s.velocity = (dx + random.randint(-speed, speed), dy + random.randint(-speed, speed)) s.dr = rotation + random.randint(-speed, speed) layer.add(s) s.do(MoveAsteroid(width, height))
Creating chunks for asteroid in director.scene.asteroids.get_children(): if collide(self.target, asteroid): # remove the bullet and asteroid, create new smaller # asteroid self.target.kill() create_smaller_asteroids(asteroid) asteroid.kill() return
Creating chunks ... position = (random.randint(0, width), random.randint(0, height)) create_asteroid(self.asteroids, 'big', position, (0, 0), 0, 100) def create_smaller_asteroids(asteroid): asteroids = director.scene.asteroids if asteroid.size == 'big': # if it's a big asteroid then make two medium asteroids in # its place for i in range(2): create_asteroid(asteroids, 'medium', asteroid.position, asteroid.velocity, asteroid.dr, 50) elif asteroid.size == 'medium': # if it's a medium asteroid then make two small asteroids in # its place for i in range(2): create_asteroid(asteroids, 'small', asteroid.position, asteroid.velocity, asteroid.dr, 50)
Sound
Sound • Reading sound files
Sound • Reading sound files • Playing sounds and background music
Sound Effects import math import random import pyglet from pyglet.window import key import cocos from cocos import actions from cocos.director import director # load our sound effects explosion_sound = pyglet.media.load('data/explosion.wav', streaming=False) bullet_sound = pyglet.media.load('data/bullet.wav', streaming=False) ...
Sound Effects ... # ship may only shoot twice per second self.target.gun_cooldown = .5 bullet_sound.play() ...
Sound Effects ... create_smaller_asteroids(asteroid) asteroid.kill() explosion_sound.play() return
Game Architecture
Game Architecture • Player lives
Game Architecture • Player lives • Game won / game over screen
Game Architecture • Player lives • Game won / game over screen • Opening screen
Game Architecture • Player lives • Game won / game over screen • Opening screen • Options menu
Invulnerability class Ship(cocos.sprite.Sprite): gun_cooldown = 0 velocity = (0, 0) is_invulnerable = False def set_invulnerable(self): self.do(actions.Blink(10, 1) + actions.CallFunc(self.set_vulnerable)) self.is_invulnerable = True def set_vulnerable(self): self.is_invulnerable = False
Invulnerability self.player = cocos.layer.Layer() self.add(self.player) self.ship = Ship('data/ship.png', (width/2, height/2)) self.player.add(self.ship) # animate the ship with our custom action self.ship.do(MoveShip(width, height)) self.ship.set_invulnerable()
Invulnerability super(MoveAsteroid, self).step(dt) if director.scene.ship.is_invulnerable: return # detect collision between this asteroid and the ship if collide(self.target, director.scene.ship): quit('GAME OVER')
Lives self.ship.set_invulnerable() self.player.add(self.ship) # another layer for the "HUD" or front informational display self.hud = cocos.layer.Layer() self.add(self.hud) self.lives = cocos.text.Label('Lives: 3', font_size=20, y=height, anchor_y='top') self.lives.counter = 3 self.hud.add(self.lives)
Lives # detect collision between this asteroid and the ship if collide(self.target, director.scene.ship): lives = director.scene.lives lives.counter -= 1 director.scene.ship.set_invulnerable() if not lives.counter: quit('GAME OVER') else: lives.element.text = 'Lives: %d' % lives.counter
Scenes class MessageScene(cocos.scene.Scene): def __init__(self, text): super(MessageScene, self).__init__() class UserActivity(cocos.layer.Layer): is_event_handler = True def on_mouse_press(*args): director.pop() def on_text(*args): director.pop() layer = UserActivity() self.add(layer) t = cocos.text.Label(text, font_size=40, x=width/2, anchor_x='center', y=height/2, anchor_y='center') layer.add(t)
Scenes # if there's no asteroids left then the player has won if not director.scene.asteroids.children: director.replace(MessageScene('You Win')) # set the rotation using the left and right arrow keys self.target.dr = (keys[key.RIGHT] - keys[key.LEFT]) * 360 ... lives.counter -= 1 director.scene.ship.set_invulnerable() if not lives.counter: director.replace(MessageScene('Game Over')) else: lives.element.text = 'Lives: %d' % lives.counter
Menu class MenuScene(cocos.scene.Scene): def __init__(self): super(MenuScene, self).__init__() # opening menu menu = cocos.menu.Menu("Asteroids!!!!") menu.create_menu([ cocos.menu.MenuItem('Play', lambda: director.push(AsteroidsGame())), cocos.menu.MenuItem('Quit', pyglet.app.exit), ]) menu.on_quit = pyglet.app.exit self.add(menu) # open the window, get dimensions, watch the keyboard and run our scene director.init() width, height = director.get_window_size() keys = key.KeyStateHandler() director.window.push_handlers(keys) director.run(MenuScene())
Special Effects
Special Effects • Simple image animations
Special Effects • Simple image animations • Use libraries like lepton
Controlling Animation
Controlling Animation • Image position on screen
Controlling Animation • Image position on screen • Updates over time
Controlling Animation • Image position on screen • Updates over time • Accounting for frame rate
Controlling Animation • Image position on screen • Updates over time • Accounting for frame rate • Frame to use from multiple images
Animation from multiple images
Animation from multiple images
Special Effects
Special Effects ... explosion_sound = pyglet.media.load('data/explosion.wav', streaming=False) bullet_sound = pyglet.media.load('data/bullet.wav', streaming=False) # load our explosion animation explosion = pyglet.image.load('data/explosion.png') explosion_grid = pyglet.image.ImageGrid(explosion, 2, 8) explosion = explosion_grid.get_animation(.05, False) ...
Special Effects # remove the bullet and asteroid, create new smaller # asteroid self.target.kill() s = cocos.sprite.Sprite(explosion, self.target.position) s.velocity = asteroid.velocity s.do(actions.WrappedMove(width, height) | (actions.Delay(.05 * 16) + actions.CallFuncS(lambda s: s.kill()))) self.target.parent.add(s) create_smaller_asteroids(asteroid) asteroid.kill()
Other Game Types • minesweeper • car driving • platformer • tower defence
Minesweeper • rendering a grid of cells • detecting mouse clicks on cells • exposing contents
Car Driving • different movement model • detecting correct circuit • detecting collision with edge of track (pixel-based collision detection)
Platformer • rendering game layers • handling triggers • platformer physics
Tower Defence • tower placement (selection & position) • movement solution for creeps
Other Things • kytten GUI controls for pyglet / cocos2d • cocograph map editing
Where To From Here? • http://los-cocos.org • http://pyglet.org • http://pygame.org • http://inventwithpython.com/ • http://pyweek.org

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Intro to Game Programming

  • 1.
    Introduction To Game Programming EuroPython 2010 Richard Jones
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
    The Basics • Displayingsomething • Controlling animation
  • 5.
    The Basics • Displayingsomething • Controlling animation • User input
  • 6.
    The Basics • Displayingsomething • Controlling animation • User input • Gameplay mechanics
  • 7.
    The Basics • Displayingsomething • Controlling animation • User input • Gameplay mechanics • Playing sound effects and music
  • 8.
    The Basics • Displayingsomething • Controlling animation • User input • Gameplay mechanics • Playing sound effects and music • Game architecture
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
    Displaying Something • Openinga window • Reading images
  • 12.
    Displaying Something • Openinga window • Reading images • Displaying images
  • 13.
    Displaying Something • Openinga window • Reading images • Displaying images • Organising the display of images (scene composition)
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
    Opening a Window import cocos from cocos.director import director director.init() scene = cocos.scene.Scene() director.run(scene)
  • 21.
    Drawing import cocos from cocos.directorimport director director.init() scene = cocos.scene.Scene() sprite = cocos.sprite.Sprite('kitten.jpg') scene.add(sprite) director.run(scene)
  • 22.
    Anchoring (256, 256) 512 px 512 px
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
    Anchoring import cocos from cocos.directorimport director director.init() scene = cocos.scene.Scene() sprite = cocos.sprite.Sprite('kitten.jpg', anchor=(0,0)) scene.add(sprite) director.run(scene)
  • 26.
    Using a Layer importcocos from cocos.director import director director.init() scene = cocos.scene.Scene() layer = cocos.layer.Layer() scene.add(layer) sprite = cocos.sprite.Sprite('kitten.jpg', anchor=(0,0)) layer.add(sprite) director.run(scene)
  • 27.
    Animation import cocos from cocosimport actions from cocos.director import director ... scene = cocos.scene.Scene() layer = cocos.layer.Layer() scene.add(layer) sprite = cocos.sprite.Sprite('kitten.jpg', anchor=(0,0)) layer.add(sprite) sprite.do(actions.MoveBy((100, 0))) director.run(scene)
  • 28.
    Getting Organised import cocos fromcocos import actions from cocos.director import director class AsteroidsGame(cocos.scene.Scene): def __init__(self): super(AsteroidsGame, self).__init__() self.player = cocos.layer.Layer() self.add(self.player) self.ship = cocos.sprite.Sprite('data/ship.png', (width/2, height/2)) velocity = (100, 0) self.ship.do(actions.MoveBy(velocity)) self.player.add(self.ship) director.init() width, height = director.get_window_size() director.run(AsteroidsGame())
  • 29.
    Adding Asteroids import random importcocos from cocos import actions from cocos.director import director def create_asteroid(layer, size, position, speed): '''Create an asteroid of a certain size and speed. ''' s = cocos.sprite.Sprite('data/%s_asteroid.png' % size, position) s.size = size layer.add(s) velocity = (random.randint(-speed, speed), random.randint(-speed, speed)) dr = random.randint(-speed, speed) s.do(actions.Repeat(actions.MoveBy(velocity, 1) | actions.RotateBy(dr, 1))) ...
  • 30.
    Adding Asteroids ... super(AsteroidsGame, self).__init__() #place the asteroids in a layer by themselves self.asteroids = cocos.layer.Layer() self.add(self.asteroids) for i in range(3): # place asteroids at random positions around the screen position = (random.randint(0, width), random.randint(0, height)) create_asteroid(self.asteroids, 'big', position, 100) # place the player ship in another layer ...
  • 31.
    Better action ... s =cocos.sprite.Sprite('data/%s_asteroid.png' % size, position) s.size = size layer.add(s) s.velocity = (random.randint(-speed, speed), random.randint(-speed, speed)) s.dr = random.randint(-speed, speed) s.do(actions.Move()) ...
  • 32.
    Screen Wrapping ... s.velocity =(random.randint(-speed, speed), random.randint(-speed, speed)) s.dr = random.randint(-speed, speed) s.do(actions.WrappedMove(width, height)) ... self.ship.velocity = (100, 0) # move the ship kinematically and wrapped to the screen size self.ship.do(actions.WrappedMove(width, height)) self.player.add(self.ship) ...
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
    Gameplay Mechanics • PlayerControls • Timed rules (when objects appear; moving the play field)
  • 36.
    Gameplay Mechanics • PlayerControls • Timed rules (when objects appear; moving the play field) • Interaction of game objects
  • 37.
    Gameplay Mechanics • PlayerControls • Timed rules (when objects appear; moving the play field) • Interaction of game objects • Detecting important events (game won or game over)
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
    User Input • Gettingevents • Distinct keyboard events vs. keyboard state
  • 41.
    Control import math import random frompyglet.window import key import cocos from cocos import actions from cocos.director import director
  • 42.
    Control y = speed x sin(rotation) ng) ho oti rs n, o er atio l a cce d (or s pee rotation x = speed x cos(rotation)
  • 43.
    Control x = speed x cos(rotation) y = speed x sin(-rotation) rotation spe ed (or acc ele rat ion , or sho oti ng)
  • 44.
    Control class MoveShip(actions.WrappedMove): def step(self, dt): super(MoveShip, self).step(dt) # set the rotation using the left and right arrow keys self.target.dr = (keys[key.RIGHT] - keys[key.LEFT]) * 360 # figure the x and y heading components from the rotation rotation = math.radians(self.target.rotation) rotation_x = math.cos(rotation) rotation_y = math.sin(-rotation) # accelerate along the heading acc = keys[key.UP] * 200 self.target.acceleration = (acc * rotation_x, acc * rotation_y)
  • 45.
    Control ... self.ship = cocos.sprite.Sprite('data/ship.png',(width/2, height/2)) self.ship.velocity = (0, 0) # animate the ship with our custom action self. ship.do(MoveShip(width, height)) self.player.add(self. ship) ...
  • 46.
    Control ... # open thewindow, get dimensions, watch the keyboard and run our scene director.init() width, height = director.get_window_size() keys = key.KeyStateHandler() director.window.push_handlers(keys) director.run(AsteriodsGame())
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.
    Detecting Collisions • Pixel-Perfect •Axis-Aligned Bounding Box • Circle-Circle
  • 51.
    Detecting Collisions • Pixel-Perfect •Axis-Aligned Bounding Box • Circle-Circle • Hash Map
  • 52.
    Detecting Collisions Pixel-Perfect
  • 53.
    Detecting Collisions Axis-Aligned Bounding Box
  • 54.
    Detecting Collisions Axis-Aligned Bounding Box
  • 55.
    Detecting Collisions Axis-Aligned Bounding Box
  • 56.
    Detecting Collisions Circle-Circle
  • 57.
    Detecting Collisions Circle-Circle
  • 58.
    Detecting Collisions Circle-Circle
  • 59.
    Detecting Collisions Circle-Circle
  • 60.
    Detecting Collisions Hash Map d = {(42,42): [ship], (43, 42): [ship], (44, 42): ship, ... (52, 45): [asteroid], (53, 45): [asteroid], ...}
  • 61.
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 64.
  • 65.
  • 66.
    ... Collision self.target.acceleration = (acc * rotation_x, acc * rotation_y) def collide(a, b): '''Determine whether two objects with a center point and width (diameter) are colliding.''' distance = math.sqrt((a.x-b.x)**2 + (a.y-b.y)**2) return distance < (a.width/2 + b.width/2) class MoveAsteroid(actions.WrappedMove): def step(self, dt): super(MoveAsteroid, self).step(dt) # detect collision between this asteroid and the ship if collide(self.target, director.scene.ship): quit('GAME OVER') def create_asteroid(layer, size, position, speed): ...
  • 67.
    Collision def create_asteroid(layer, size,position, speed): '''Create an asteroid of a certain size and speed. ''' s = cocos.sprite.Sprite('data/%s_asteroid.png' % size, position) s.size = size layer.add(s) s.velocity = (random.randint(-speed, speed), random.randint(-speed, speed)) s.dr = random.randint(-speed, speed) s.do(MoveAsteroid(width, height)) ...
  • 68.
    Shooting ... self.target.acceleration = (acc * rotation_x, acc * rotation_y) if self.target.gun_cooldown: # still limiting the gun rate of fire self.target.gun_cooldown = max(0, self.target.gun_cooldown - dt) elif keys[key.SPACE]: # fire a bullet from the ship b = cocos.sprite.Sprite('data/bullet.png', (self.target.x, self.target.y)) # send it in the same heading as the ship b.velocity = (rotation_x * 400, rotation_y * 400) # the bullet has a lifespan of 1 second b.life = 1 director.scene.player.add(b) # move the bullet with its custom action b.do(MoveBullet(width, height)) # ship may only shoot twice per second self.target.gun_cooldown = .5 ...
  • 69.
    Shooting class MoveBullet(actions.WrappedMove): def step(self, dt): super(MoveBullet, self).step(dt) # age the bullet self.target.life -= dt if self.target.life < 0: # remove from play if it's too old self.target.kill() return # see if the bullet hits any asteroids for asteroid in director.scene.asteroids.get_children(): if collide(self.target, asteroid): # remove the bullet and asteroid self.target.kill() asteroid.kill() return
  • 70.
    ... and winning ... super(MoveShip,self).step(dt) # if there's no asteroids left then the player has won if not director.scene.asteroids.children: quit('YOU WIN') # set the rotation using the left and right arrow keys self.target.dr = (keys[key.RIGHT] - keys[key.LEFT]) * 360 ...
  • 71.
    Creating chunks def create_asteroid(layer,size, position, velocity, rotation, speed): '''Create an asteroid of a certain size, possibly inheriting its parent's velocity and rotation. ''' s = cocos.sprite.Sprite('data/%s_asteroid.png' % size, position) s.size = size dx, dy = velocity s.velocity = (dx + random.randint(-speed, speed), dy + random.randint(-speed, speed)) s.dr = rotation + random.randint(-speed, speed) layer.add(s) s.do(MoveAsteroid(width, height))
  • 72.
    Creating chunks for asteroidin director.scene.asteroids.get_children(): if collide(self.target, asteroid): # remove the bullet and asteroid, create new smaller # asteroid self.target.kill() create_smaller_asteroids(asteroid) asteroid.kill() return
  • 73.
    Creating chunks ... position = (random.randint(0, width), random.randint(0, height)) create_asteroid(self.asteroids, 'big', position, (0, 0), 0, 100) def create_smaller_asteroids(asteroid): asteroids = director.scene.asteroids if asteroid.size == 'big': # if it's a big asteroid then make two medium asteroids in # its place for i in range(2): create_asteroid(asteroids, 'medium', asteroid.position, asteroid.velocity, asteroid.dr, 50) elif asteroid.size == 'medium': # if it's a medium asteroid then make two small asteroids in # its place for i in range(2): create_asteroid(asteroids, 'small', asteroid.position, asteroid.velocity, asteroid.dr, 50)
  • 74.
  • 75.
  • 76.
    Sound • Reading soundfiles • Playing sounds and background music
  • 77.
    Sound Effects import math importrandom import pyglet from pyglet.window import key import cocos from cocos import actions from cocos.director import director # load our sound effects explosion_sound = pyglet.media.load('data/explosion.wav', streaming=False) bullet_sound = pyglet.media.load('data/bullet.wav', streaming=False) ...
  • 78.
    Sound Effects ... # ship may only shoot twice per second self.target.gun_cooldown = .5 bullet_sound.play() ...
  • 79.
    Sound Effects ... create_smaller_asteroids(asteroid) asteroid.kill() explosion_sound.play() return
  • 80.
  • 81.
  • 82.
    Game Architecture • Playerlives • Game won / game over screen
  • 83.
    Game Architecture • Playerlives • Game won / game over screen • Opening screen
  • 84.
    Game Architecture • Playerlives • Game won / game over screen • Opening screen • Options menu
  • 85.
    Invulnerability class Ship(cocos.sprite.Sprite): gun_cooldown = 0 velocity = (0, 0) is_invulnerable = False def set_invulnerable(self): self.do(actions.Blink(10, 1) + actions.CallFunc(self.set_vulnerable)) self.is_invulnerable = True def set_vulnerable(self): self.is_invulnerable = False
  • 86.
    Invulnerability self.player = cocos.layer.Layer() self.add(self.player) self.ship= Ship('data/ship.png', (width/2, height/2)) self.player.add(self.ship) # animate the ship with our custom action self.ship.do(MoveShip(width, height)) self.ship.set_invulnerable()
  • 87.
    Invulnerability super(MoveAsteroid, self).step(dt) if director.scene.ship.is_invulnerable: return # detect collision between this asteroid and the ship if collide(self.target, director.scene.ship): quit('GAME OVER')
  • 88.
    Lives self.ship.set_invulnerable() self.player.add(self.ship) #another layer for the "HUD" or front informational display self.hud = cocos.layer.Layer() self.add(self.hud) self.lives = cocos.text.Label('Lives: 3', font_size=20, y=height, anchor_y='top') self.lives.counter = 3 self.hud.add(self.lives)
  • 89.
    Lives # detect collisionbetween this asteroid and the ship if collide(self.target, director.scene.ship): lives = director.scene.lives lives.counter -= 1 director.scene.ship.set_invulnerable() if not lives.counter: quit('GAME OVER') else: lives.element.text = 'Lives: %d' % lives.counter
  • 90.
    Scenes class MessageScene(cocos.scene.Scene): def __init__(self, text): super(MessageScene, self).__init__() class UserActivity(cocos.layer.Layer): is_event_handler = True def on_mouse_press(*args): director.pop() def on_text(*args): director.pop() layer = UserActivity() self.add(layer) t = cocos.text.Label(text, font_size=40, x=width/2, anchor_x='center', y=height/2, anchor_y='center') layer.add(t)
  • 91.
    Scenes # if there's no asteroids left then the player has won if not director.scene.asteroids.children: director.replace(MessageScene('You Win')) # set the rotation using the left and right arrow keys self.target.dr = (keys[key.RIGHT] - keys[key.LEFT]) * 360 ... lives.counter -= 1 director.scene.ship.set_invulnerable() if not lives.counter: director.replace(MessageScene('Game Over')) else: lives.element.text = 'Lives: %d' % lives.counter
  • 92.
    Menu class MenuScene(cocos.scene.Scene): def __init__(self): super(MenuScene, self).__init__() # opening menu menu = cocos.menu.Menu("Asteroids!!!!") menu.create_menu([ cocos.menu.MenuItem('Play', lambda: director.push(AsteroidsGame())), cocos.menu.MenuItem('Quit', pyglet.app.exit), ]) menu.on_quit = pyglet.app.exit self.add(menu) # open the window, get dimensions, watch the keyboard and run our scene director.init() width, height = director.get_window_size() keys = key.KeyStateHandler() director.window.push_handlers(keys) director.run(MenuScene())
  • 93.
  • 94.
  • 95.
    Special Effects • Simpleimage animations • Use libraries like lepton
  • 96.
  • 97.
  • 98.
    Controlling Animation • Imageposition on screen • Updates over time
  • 99.
    Controlling Animation • Imageposition on screen • Updates over time • Accounting for frame rate
  • 100.
    Controlling Animation • Imageposition on screen • Updates over time • Accounting for frame rate • Frame to use from multiple images
  • 101.
  • 102.
  • 103.
  • 104.
    Special Effects ... explosion_sound =pyglet.media.load('data/explosion.wav', streaming=False) bullet_sound = pyglet.media.load('data/bullet.wav', streaming=False) # load our explosion animation explosion = pyglet.image.load('data/explosion.png') explosion_grid = pyglet.image.ImageGrid(explosion, 2, 8) explosion = explosion_grid.get_animation(.05, False) ...
  • 105.
    Special Effects # removethe bullet and asteroid, create new smaller # asteroid self.target.kill() s = cocos.sprite.Sprite(explosion, self.target.position) s.velocity = asteroid.velocity s.do(actions.WrappedMove(width, height) | (actions.Delay(.05 * 16) + actions.CallFuncS(lambda s: s.kill()))) self.target.parent.add(s) create_smaller_asteroids(asteroid) asteroid.kill()
  • 106.
    Other Game Types •minesweeper • car driving • platformer • tower defence
  • 107.
    Minesweeper • rendering agrid of cells • detecting mouse clicks on cells • exposing contents
  • 108.
    Car Driving • differentmovement model • detecting correct circuit • detecting collision with edge of track (pixel-based collision detection)
  • 109.
    Platformer • rendering gamelayers • handling triggers • platformer physics
  • 110.
    Tower Defence • towerplacement (selection & position) • movement solution for creeps
  • 111.
    Other Things • kytten GUI controls for pyglet / cocos2d • cocograph map editing
  • 112.
    Where To FromHere? • http://los-cocos.org • http://pyglet.org • http://pygame.org • http://inventwithpython.com/ • http://pyweek.org

Editor's Notes

  • #20 A Sprite is an image that knows how to draw itself on the screen.
  • #21 The default anchor point in cocos2d is the center of the sprite image.
  • #40 Unfortunately cocos2d rotates clockwise around Z, whereas pyglet (and basic trigenometry) rotates anti-clockwise, so we must negate the rotation to determine the correct y value.
  • #93 Make life easier for yourself - make all your animation frames the same size!
  • #94 Make life easier for yourself - make all your animation frames the same size!
  • #96 pyglet will sequence a grid of images from the bottom left corner taking each row, and then each cell in turn