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Introduction to oop with c++
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO OBJECT -ORIENTED PROGRAMMING PREPARED BY Patel Shruti J. BE- 4th sem
- 2. Programming Languages • Programminglanguages allow programmers to code software. • The three major families of languages are: – Machine languages – Assembly languages – High-Level languages
- 3. Machine Languages • Comprisedof 1s and 0s • The “native” language of a computer • Difficult to program – one misplaced 1 or 0 will cause the program to fail. • Example of code: 1110100010101 111010101110 10111010110100 10100011110111
- 4. Assembly Languages • Assemblylanguages are a step towards easier programming. • Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture. • Assembly language code needs to be translated to machine language before the computer processes it. • They are translated by an assembler into machine language. • Assembly language uses mnemonic to represent each low level machine instruction or opcode, also each architectural register,flag.
- 5. High-Level Languages • High-levellanguages represent a giant leap towards easier programming. • The syntax of HL languages is similar to English. • It is converted into machine level language by compiler. • Historically, we divide HL languages into two groups: – Procedure oriented programming – Object-Oriented programming (OOP)
- 6. Procedure oriented programming •Early high-level languages are typically called procedural languages. • Procedural languages are characterized by sequential sets of linear commands. The focus of such languages is on structure. • Examples include C, COBOL, Fortran, LISP, Perl, HTML, VBScript
- 7. Procedure oriented programming •Structure of POP :
- 8. Procedure oriented programming •Features : Emphasis is on procedure of doing things. Larger programs are divided into smaller programs called functions. Data can move openly around the system from function to function. Adding of data and function is difficult. Top down approach in program design.
- 9. Object-Oriented Programming Definition ofOOP: • Object oriented programming is a programming methodology that associates data structures with a set of operators which act upon it.
- 10. Object-Oriented Programming • Mostobject-oriented languages are high-level languages. • The focus of OOP languages is not on structure, but on modeling data. • Programmers code using “blueprints” of data models called classes. • Examples of OOP languages include C++, Visual Basic.NET and Java.
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- 12. Object-Oriented Programming • Features: Emphasis is on data. Programs are divided into objects and classes. Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by the external function. New data and functions can be added when necessary. Bottom up approach in program design.
- 13. Elements of OOP •Objects • Classes • Encapsulation • Data Abstraction • Inheritance • Polymorphism • Message Passing
- 14. Objects • OOP usesobjects as its fundamental building blocks. • Objects are the basic run-time entities in an object- oriented system. • Every object is associated with data and functions which define meaningful operations on that object. • Object is a real world existing entity. • Object is an Instance of a particular class.
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- 17. Class • Class isa collection of similar objects. • Mango, Apple etc. are objects and their class is Fruit.
- 18. Encapsulation • Wrapping upof data and functions into a single unit (class) is called encapsulation. • Data is not accessible to outside world. • Only those functions which are which are wrapped in the class can access it.
- 19. Data Abstraction • Adata abstraction is a simplified view of an object that includes only features one is interested in while hides away the unnecessary details. • Data abstraction becomes an abstract data type (ADT)or a user-defined type.
- 20. Inheritance • Inheritance isthe mechanism to provides the power of reusability and extendibility. • Inheritance is the process by which one object can acquire the properties of another object. • Types : Single Multilevel Multiple Hybrid Hierarchical
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- 22. Polymorphism • Poly meansmany. Morphism means forms. • Polymorphism means that the same thing can exist in two forms. • Polymorphism is in short the ability to call different functions by just using one type of function call. • Ex : Bank can be used as - bank (river) - bank (finance)
- 23. Message Passing • Informationor message of one object can be sent to other object. • Object communicate with one another by sending and receiving information much the same way as people communicate with each other. • A message for an object is a request for execution of a proedure and it will invoke a procedure in receiving object that generates the desired result.
- 24. Message Passing • Messagepassing involves specifying the name of the object, the name of the function and the information to be sent. • Ex- employee.salary(name); Object Message Information
- 25. Benefits of OOP •Through inheritance we can extend the use of existing classes. • Build secure program by data hiding. • Message passing techniques for communication between objects make is much simplier. • It is easy to partition the work in a project based on object.
- 26. Applications of OOP •Database management systems • Data security • Artificial intelligence and expert systems • Mobile computing • Real time systems • Simulation and modeling • Distributed computing