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Jetpack Compose 1.3 Essentials Title Jetpack Compose 1.3 Essentials ISBN-13: 978-1-951442-64-4 © 2023 Neil Smyth / Payload Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This book is provided for personal use only. Unauthorized use, reproduction and/or distribution strictly prohibited. All rights reserved. The content of this book is provided for informational purposes only. Neither the publisher nor the author offers any warranties or representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of information contained in this book, nor do they accept any liability for any loss or damage arising from any errors or omissions. This book contains trademarked terms that are used solely for editorial purposes and to the benefit of the respective trademark owner. The terms used within this book are not intended as infringement of any trademarks.

Table of Contents 1. Start Here 1.1 For Kotlin programmers 1.2 For new Kotlin programmers 1.3 Downloading the code samples 1.4 Feedback 1.5 Errata 2. Setting up an Android Studio Development Environment 2.1 System requirements 2.2 Downloading the Android Studio package 2.3 Installing Android Studio 2.3.1 Installation on Windows 2.3.2 Installation on macOS 2.3.3 Installation on Linux 2.4 The Android Studio setup wizard 2.5 Installing additional Android SDK packages 2.6 Installing the Android SDK Command-line Tools 2.6.1 Windows 8.1 2.6.2 Windows 10 2.6.3 Windows 11 2.6.4 Linux 2.6.5 macOS

2.7 Android Studio memory management 2.8 Updating Android Studio and the SDK 2.9 Summary 3. A Compose Project Overview 3.1 About the project 3.2 Creating the project 3.3 Creating an activity 3.4 Defining the project and SDK settings 3.5 Previewing the example project 3.6 Reviewing the main activity 3.7 Preview updates 3.8 Bill of Materials and the Compose version 3.9 Summary 4. An Example Compose Project 4.1 Getting started 4.2 Removing the template Code 4.3 The Composable hierarchy 4.4 Adding the DemoText composable 4.5 Previewing the DemoText composable 4.6 Adding the DemoSlider composable 4.7 Adding the DemoScreen composable 4.8 Previewing the DemoScreen composable 4.9 Adjusting preview settings 4.10 Testing in interactive mode

4.11 Completing the project 4.12 Summary 5. Creating an Android Virtual Device (AVD) in Android Studio 5.1 About Android Virtual Devices 5.2 Starting the emulator 5.3 Running the application in the AVD 5.4 Real-time updates with Live Edit 5.5 Running on multiple devices 5.6 Stopping a running application 5.7 Supporting dark theme 5.8 Running the emulator in a separate window 5.9 Enabling the device frame 5.10 Summary 6. Using and Configuring the Android Studio AVD Emulator 6.1 The Emulator Environment 6.2 Emulator Toolbar Options 6.3 Working in Zoom Mode 6.4 Resizing the Emulator Window 6.5 Extended Control Options 6.5.1 Location 6.5.2 Displays 6.5.3 Cellular 6.5.4 Battery 6.5.5 Camera

6.5.6 Phone 6.5.7 Directional Pad 6.5.8 Microphone 6.5.9 Fingerprint 6.5.10 Virtual Sensors 6.5.11 Snapshots 6.5.12 Record and Playback 6.5.13 Google Play 6.5.14 Settings 6.5.15 Help 6.6 Working with Snapshots 6.7 Configuring Fingerprint Emulation 6.8 The Emulator in Tool Window Mode 6.9 Creating a Resizable Emulator 6.10 Summary 7. A Tour of the Android Studio User Interface 7.1 The Welcome Screen 7.2 The Main Window 7.3 The Tool Windows 7.4 Android Studio Keyboard Shortcuts 7.5 Switcher and Recent Files Navigation 7.6 Changing the Android Studio Theme 7.7 Summary 8. Testing Android Studio Apps on a Physical Android Device

8.1 An overview of the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) 8.2 Enabling USB debugging ADB on Android devices 8.2.1 macOS ADB configuration 8.2.2 Windows ADB configuration 8.2.3 Linux adb configuration 8.3 Resolving USB connection issues 8.4 Enabling wireless debugging on Android devices 8.5 Testing the adb connection 8.6 Summary 9. The Basics of the Android Studio Code Editor 9.1 The Android Studio editor 9.2 Code mode 9.3 Splitting the editor window 9.4 Code completion 9.5 Statement completion 9.6 Parameter information 9.7 Parameter name hints 9.8 Code generation 9.9 Code folding 9.10 Quick documentation lookup 9.11 Code reformatting 9.12 Finding sample code 9.13 Live templates 9.14 Summary 10. An Overview of the Android Architecture

10.1 The Android software stack 10.2 The Linux kernel 10.3 Android runtime – ART 10.4 Android libraries 10.4.1 C/C++ libraries 10.5 Application framework 10.6 Applications 10.7 Summary 11. An Introduction to Kotlin 11.1 What is Kotlin? 11.2 Kotlin and Java 11.3 Converting from Java to Kotlin 11.4 Kotlin and Android Studio 11.5 Experimenting with Kotlin 11.6 Semi-colons in Kotlin 11.7 Summary 12. Kotlin Data Types, Variables and Nullability 12.1 Kotlin data types 12.1.1 Integer data types 12.1.2 Floating point data types 12.1.3 Boolean data type 12.1.4 Character data type 12.1.5 String data type 12.1.6 Escape sequences

12.2 Mutable variables 12.3 Immutable variables 12.4 Declaring mutable and immutable variables 12.5 Data types are objects 12.6 Type annotations and type inference 12.7 Nullable type 12.8 The safe call operator 12.9 Not-null assertion 12.10 Nullable types and the let function 12.11 Late initialization (lateinit) 12.12 The Elvis operator 12.13 Type casting and type checking 12.14 Summary 13. Kotlin Operators and Expressions 13.1 Expression syntax in Kotlin 13.2 The Basic assignment operator 13.3 Kotlin arithmetic operators 13.4 Augmented assignment operators 13.5 Increment and decrement operators 13.6 Equality operators 13.7 Boolean logical operators 13.8 Range operator 13.9 Bitwise operators 13.9.1 Bitwise inversion 13.9.2 Bitwise AND 13.9.3 Bitwise OR

13.9.4 Bitwise XOR 13.9.5 Bitwise left shift 13.9.6 Bitwise right shift 13.10 Summary 14. Kotlin Control Flow 14.1 Looping control flow 14.1.1 The Kotlin for-in Statement 14.1.2 The while loop 14.1.3 The do ... while loop 14.1.4 Breaking from Loops 14.1.5 The continue statement 14.1.6 Break and continue labels 14.2 Conditional control flow 14.2.1 Using the if expressions 14.2.2 Using if ... else … expressions 14.2.3 Using if ... else if ... Expressions 14.2.4 Using the when statement 14.3 Summary 15. An Overview of Kotlin Functions and Lambdas 15.1 What is a function? 15.2 How to declare a Kotlin function 15.3 Calling a Kotlin function 15.4 Single expression functions 15.5 Local functions

15.6 Handling return values 15.7 Declaring default function parameters 15.8 Variable number of function parameters 15.9 Lambda expressions 15.10 Higher-order functions 15.11 Summary 16. The Basics of Object-Oriented Programming in Kotlin 16.1 What is an object? 16.2 What is a class? 16.3 Declaring a Kotlin class 16.4 Adding properties to a class 16.5 Defining methods 16.6 Declaring and initializing a class instance 16.7 Primary and secondary constructors 16.8 Initializer blocks 16.9 Calling methods and accessing properties 16.10 Custom accessors 16.11 Nested and inner classes 16.12 Companion objects 16.13 Summary 17. An Introduction to Kotlin Inheritance and Subclassing 17.1 Inheritance, classes, and subclasses 17.2 Subclassing syntax 17.3 A Kotlin inheritance example

17.4 Extending the functionality of a subclass 17.5 Overriding inherited methods 17.6 Adding a custom secondary constructor 17.7 Using the SavingsAccount class 17.8 Summary 18. An Overview of Compose 18.1 Development before Compose 18.2 Compose declarative syntax 18.3 Compose is data-driven 18.4 Summary 19. Composable Functions Overview 19.1 What is a composable function? 19.2 Stateful vs. stateless composables 19.3 Composable function syntax 19.4 Foundation and Material composables 19.5 Summary 20. An Overview of Compose State and Recomposition 20.1 The basics of state 20.2 Introducing recomposition 20.3 Creating the StateExample project 20.4 Declaring state in a composable

20.5 Unidirectional data flow 20.6 State hoisting 20.7 Saving state through configuration changes 20.8 Summary 21. An Introduction to Composition Local 21.1 Understanding CompositionLocal 21.2 Using CompositionLocal 21.3 Creating the CompLocalDemo project 21.4 Designing the layout 21.5 Adding the CompositionLocal state 21.6 Accessing the CompositionLocal state 21.7 Testing the design 21.8 Summary 22. An Overview of Compose Slot APIs 22.1 Understanding slot APIs 22.2 Declaring a slot API 22.3 Calling slot API composables 22.4 Summary 23. A Compose Slot API Tutorial 23.1 About the project 23.2 Creating the SlotApiDemo project 23.3 Preparing the MainActivity class file 23.4 Creating the MainScreen composable

23.5 Adding the ScreenContent composable 23.6 Creating the Checkbox composable 23.7 Implementing the ScreenContent slot API 23.8 Adding an Image drawable resource 23.9 Writing the TitleImage composable 23.10 Completing the MainScreen composable 23.11 Previewing the project 23.12 Summary 24. Using Modifiers in Compose 24.1 An overview of modifiers 24.2 Creating the ModifierDemo project 24.3 Creating a modifier 24.4 Modifier ordering 24.5 Adding modifier support to a composable 24.6 Common built-in modifiers 24.7 Combining modifiers 24.8 Summary 25. Annotated Strings and Brush Styles 25.1 What are annotated strings? 25.2 Using annotated strings 25.3 Brush Text Styling 25.4 Creating the example project 25.5 An example SpanStyle annotated string 25.6 An example ParagraphStyle annotated string

25.7 A Brush style example 25.8 Summary 26. Composing Layouts with Row and Column 26.1 Creating the RowColDemo project 26.2 Row composable 26.3 Column composable 26.4 Combining Row and Column composables 26.5 Layout alignment 26.6 Layout arrangement positioning 26.7 Layout arrangement spacing 26.8 Row and Column scope modifiers 26.9 Scope modifier weights 26.10 Summary 27. Box Layouts in Compose 27.1 An introduction to the Box composable 27.2 Creating the BoxLayout project 27.3 Adding the TextCell composable 27.4 Adding a Box layout 27.5 Box alignment 27.6 BoxScope modifiers 27.7 Using the clip() modifier 27.8 Summary 28. Custom Layout Modifiers

28.1 Compose layout basics 28.2 Custom layouts 28.3 Creating the LayoutModifier project 28.4 Adding the ColorBox composable 28.5 Creating a custom layout modifier 28.6 Understanding default position 28.7 Completing the layout modifier 28.8 Using a custom modifier 28.9 Working with alignment lines 28.10 Working with baselines 28.11 Summary 29. Building Custom Layouts 29.1 An overview of custom layouts 29.2 Custom layout syntax 29.3 Using a custom layout 29.4 Creating the CustomLayout project 29.5 Creating the CascadeLayout composable 29.6 Using the CascadeLayout composable 29.7 Summary 30. A Guide to ConstraintLayout in Compose 30.1 An introduction to ConstraintLayout 30.2 How ConstraintLayout works 30.2.1 Constraints

30.2.2 Margins 30.2.3 Opposing constraints 30.2.4 Constraint bias 30.2.5 Chains 30.2.6 Chain styles 30.3 Configuring dimensions 30.4 Guideline helper 30.5 Barrier helper 30.6 Summary 31. Working with ConstraintLayout in Compose 31.1 Calling ConstraintLayout 31.2 Generating references 31.3 Assigning a reference to a composable 31.4 Adding constraints 31.5 Creating the ConstraintLayout project 31.6 Adding the ConstraintLayout library 31.7 Adding a custom button composable 31.8 Basic constraints 31.9 Opposing constraints 31.10 Constraint bias 31.11 Constraint margins 31.12 The importance of opposing constraints and bias 31.13 Creating chains 31.14 Working with guidelines 31.15 Working with barriers 31.16 Decoupling constraints with constraint sets

31.17 Summary 32. Working with IntrinsicSize in Compose 32.1 Intrinsic measurements 32.2 Max. vs Min. Intrinsic Size measurements 32.3 About the example project 32.4 Creating the IntrinsicSizeDemo project 32.5 Creating the custom text field 32.6 Adding the Text and Box components 32.7 Adding the top-level Column 32.8 Testing the project 32.9 Applying IntrinsicSize.Max measurements 32.10 Applying IntrinsicSize.Min measurements 32.11 Summary 33. Coroutines and LaunchedEffects in Jetpack Compose 33.1 What are coroutines? 33.2 Threads vs. coroutines 33.3 Coroutine Scope 33.4 Suspend functions 33.5 Coroutine dispatchers 33.6 Coroutine builders 33.7 Jobs 33.8 Coroutines – suspending and resuming 33.9 Coroutine channel communication 33.10 Understanding side effects

33.11 Summary 34. An Overview of Lists and Grids in Compose 34.1 Standard vs. lazy lists 34.2 Working with Column and Row lists 34.3 Creating lazy lists 34.4 Enabling scrolling with ScrollState 34.5 Programmatic scrolling 34.6 Sticky headers 34.7 Responding to scroll position 34.8 Creating a lazy grid 34.9 Summary 35. A Compose Row and Column List Tutorial 35.1 Creating the ListDemo project 35.2 Creating a Column-based list 35.3 Enabling list scrolling 35.4 Manual scrolling 35.5 A Row list example 35.6 Summary 36. A Compose Lazy List Tutorial 36.1 Creating the LazyListDemo project 36.2 Adding list data to the project 36.3 Reading the XML data 36.4 Handling image loading

36.5 Designing the list item composable 36.6 Building the lazy list 36.7 Testing the project 36.8 Making list items clickable 36.9 Summary 37. Lazy List Sticky Headers and Scroll Detection 37.1 Grouping the list item data 37.2 Displaying the headers and items 37.3 Adding sticky headers 37.4 Reacting to scroll position 37.5 Adding the scroll button 37.6 Testing the finished app 37.7 Summary 38. A Compose Lazy Staggered Grid Tutorial 38.1 Lazy Staggered Grids 38.2 Creating the StaggeredGridDemo project 38.3 Adding the Box composable 38.4 Generating random height and color values 38.5 Creating the Staggered List 38.6 Testing the project 38.7 Switching to a horizontal staggered grid 38.8 Summary 39. Compose Visibility Animation

39.1 Creating the AnimateVisibility project 39.2 Animating visibility 39.3 Defining enter and exit animations 39.4 Animation specs and animation easing 39.5 Repeating an animation 39.6 Different animations for different children 39.7 Auto-starting an animation 39.8 Implementing crossfading 39.9 Summary 40. Compose State-Driven Animation 40.1 Understanding state-driven animation 40.2 Introducing animate as state functions 40.3 Creating the AnimateState project 40.4 Animating rotation with animateFloatAsState 40.5 Animating color changes with animateColorAsState 40.6 Animating motion with animateDpAsState 40.7 Adding spring effects 40.8 Working with keyframes 40.9 Combining multiple animations 40.10 Using the Animation Inspector 40.11 Summary 41. Canvas Graphics Drawing in Compose 41.1 Introducing the Canvas component

41.2 Creating the CanvasDemo project 41.3 Drawing a line and getting the canvas size 41.4 Drawing dashed lines 41.5 Drawing a rectangle 41.6 Applying rotation 41.7 Drawing circles and ovals 41.8 Drawing gradients 41.9 Drawing arcs 41.10 Drawing paths 41.11 Drawing points 41.12 Drawing an image 41.13 Drawing text 41.14 Summary 42. Working with ViewModels in Compose 42.1 What is Android Jetpack? 42.2 The “old” architecture 42.3 Modern Android architecture 42.4 The ViewModel component 42.5 ViewModel implementation using state 42.6 Connecting a ViewModel state to an activity 42.7 ViewModel implementation using LiveData 42.8 Observing ViewModel LiveData within an activity 42.9 Summary 43. A Compose ViewModel Tutorial

43.1 About the project 43.2 Creating the ViewModelDemo project 43.3 Adding the ViewModel 43.4 Accessing DemoViewModel from MainActivity 43.5 Designing the temperature input composable 43.6 Designing the temperature input composable 43.7 Completing the user interface design 43.8 Testing the app 43.9 Summary 44. An Overview of Android SQLite Databases 44.1 Understanding database tables 44.2 Introducing database schema 44.3 Columns and data types 44.4 Database rows 44.5 Introducing primary keys 44.6 What is SQLite? 44.7 Structured Query Language (SQL) 44.8 Trying SQLite on an Android Virtual Device (AVD) 44.9 The Android Room persistence library 44.10 Summary 45. Room Databases and Compose 45.1 Revisiting modern app architecture 45.2 Key elements of Room database persistence 45.2.1 Repository

45.2.2 Room database 45.2.3 Data Access Object (DAO) 45.2.4 Entities 45.2.5 SQLite database 45.3 Understanding entities 45.4 Data Access Objects 45.5 The Room database 45.6 The Repository 45.7 In-Memory databases 45.8 Database Inspector 45.9 Summary 46. A Compose Room Database and Repository Tutorial 46.1 About the RoomDemo project 46.2 Creating the RoomDemo project 46.3 Modifying the build configuration 46.4 Building the entity 46.5 Creating the Data Access Object 46.6 Adding the Room database 46.7 Adding the repository 46.8 Adding the ViewModel 46.9 Designing the user interface 46.10 Writing a ViewModelProvider Factory class 46.11 Completing the MainScreen function 46.12 Testing the RoomDemo app 46.13 Using the Database Inspector 46.14 Summary

47. An Overview of Navigation in Compose 47.1 Understanding navigation 47.2 Declaring a navigation controller 47.3 Declaring a navigation host 47.4 Adding destinations to the navigation graph 47.5 Navigating to destinations 47.6 Passing arguments to a destination 47.7 Working with bottom navigation bars 47.8 Summary 48. A Compose Navigation Tutorial 48.1 Creating the NavigationDemo project 48.2 About the NavigationDemo project 48.3 Declaring the navigation routes 48.4 Adding the home screen 48.5 Adding the welcome screen 48.6 Adding the profile screen 48.7 Creating the navigation controller and host 48.8 Implementing the screen navigation 48.9 Passing the user name argument 48.10 Testing the project 48.11 Summary 49. A Compose Navigation Bar Tutorial 49.1 Creating the BottomBarDemo project

49.2 Declaring the navigation routes 49.3 Designing bar items 49.4 Creating the bar item list 49.5 Adding the destination screens 49.6 Creating the navigation controller and host 49.7 Designing the navigation bar 49.8 Working with the Scaffold component 49.9 Testing the project 49.10 Summary 50. Detecting Gestures in Compose 50.1 Compose gesture detection 50.2 Creating the GestureDemo project 50.3 Detecting click gestures 50.4 Detecting taps using PointerInputScope 50.5 Detecting drag gestures 50.6 Detecting drag gestures using PointerInputScope 50.7 Scrolling using the scrollable modifier 50.8 Scrolling using the scroll modifiers 50.9 Detecting pinch gestures 50.10 Detecting rotation gestures 50.11 Detecting translation gestures 50.12 Summary 51. An Introduction to Kotlin Flow 51.1 Understanding Flows

51.2 Creating the sample project 51.3 Adding a view model to the project 51.4 Declaring the flow 51.5 Emitting flow data 51.6 Collecting flow data as state 51.7 Transforming data with intermediaries 51.8 Collecting flow data 51.9 Adding a flow buffer 51.10 More terminal flow operators 51.11 Flow flattening 51.12 Combining multiple flows 51.13 Hot and cold flows 51.14 StateFlow 51.15 SharedFlow 51.16 Converting a flow from cold to hot 51.17 Summary 52. A Jetpack Compose SharedFlow Tutorial 52.1 About the project 52.2 Creating the SharedFlowDemo project 52.3 Adding a view model to the project 52.4 Declaring the SharedFlow 52.5 Collecting the flow values 52.6 Testing the SharedFlowDemo app 52.7 Handling flows in the background 52.8 Summary

53. Creating, Testing, and Uploading an Android App Bundle 53.1 The release preparation process 53.2 Android app bundles 53.3 Register for a Google Play Developer Console account 53.4 Configuring the app in the console 53.5 Enabling Google Play app signing 53.6 Creating a keystore file 53.7 Creating the Android app bundle 53.8 Generating test APK files 53.9 Uploading the app bundle to the Google Play Developer Console 53.10 Exploring the app bundle 53.11 Managing testers 53.12 Rolling the app out for testing 53.13 Uploading new app bundle revisions 53.14 Analyzing the app bundle file 53.15 Summary 54. An Overview of Android In-App Billing 54.1 Preparing a project for In-App purchasing 54.2 Creating In-App products and subscriptions 54.3 Billing client initialization 54.4 Connecting to the Google Play Billing library 54.5 Querying available products 54.6 Starting the purchase process 54.7 Completing the purchase

54.8 Querying previous purchases 54.9 Summary 55. An Android In-App Purchasing Tutorial 55.1 About the In-App purchasing example project 55.2 Creating the InAppPurchase project 55.3 Adding libraries to the project 55.4 Adding the App to the Google Play Store 55.5 Creating an In-App product 55.6 Enabling license testers 55.7 Creating a purchase helper class 55.8 Adding the StateFlow streams 55.9 Initializing the billing client 55.10 Querying the product 55.11 Handling purchase updates 55.12 Launching the purchase flow 55.13 Consuming the product 55.14 Restoring a previous purchase 55.15 Completing the MainActivity 55.16 Testing the app 55.17 Troubleshooting 55.18 Summary 56. Working with Compose Theming 56.1 Material Design 2 vs. Material Design 3 56.2 Material Design 3 theming

56.3 Building a custom theme 56.4 Summary 57. A Material Design 3 Theming Tutorial 57.1 Creating the ThemeDemo project 57.2 Designing the user interface 57.3 Building a new theme 57.4 Adding the theme to the project 57.5 Enabling dynamic colors 57.6 Summary 58. An Overview of Gradle in Android Studio 58.1 An overview of Gradle 58.2 Gradle and Android Studio 58.2.1 Sensible defaults 58.2.2 Dependencies 58.2.3 Build variants 58.2.4 Manifest entries 58.2.5 APK signing 58.2.6 ProGuard support 58.3 The Properties and Settings Gradle build files 58.4 The top-level gradle build file 58.5 Module level Gradle build files 58.6 Configuring signing settings in the build file 58.7 Running Gradle tasks from the command-line 58.8 Summary

1. Start Here This book aims to teach you how to build Android applications using Jetpack Compose 1.3, Android Studio Flamingo (2022.2.1), Material Design 3, and the Kotlin programming language. The book begins with the basics by explaining how to set up an Android Studio development environment. The book also includes in-depth chapters introducing the Kotlin programming language, including data types, operators, control flow, functions, lambdas, coroutines, and object-oriented programming. An introduction to the key concepts of Jetpack Compose and Android project architecture is followed by a guided tour of Android Studio in Compose development mode. The book also covers the creation of custom Composables and explains how functions are combined to create user interface layouts, including row, column, box, and list components. Other topics covered include data handling using state properties, key user interface design concepts such as modifiers, navigation bars, and user interface navigation. Additional chapters explore building your own reusable custom layout components.

The book covers graphics drawing, user interface animation, transitions, Kotlin Flows, and gesture handling. Chapters also cover view models, SQLite databases, Room database access, the Database Inspector, live data, and custom theme creation. Using in-app billing, you will also learn to generate extra revenue from your app. Finally, the book explains how to package up a completed app and upload it to the Google Play Store for publication. Along the way, the topics covered in the book are put into practice through detailed tutorials, the source code for which is also available for download. Assuming you already have some rudimentary programming experience, are ready to download Android Studio and the Android SDK, and have access to a Windows, Mac, or Linux system, you are ready to start.

1.1 For Kotlin programmers This book addresses the needs of existing Kotlin programmers and those new to Kotlin and Jetpack Compose app development. If you are familiar with the Kotlin programming language, you can probably skip the Kotlin-specific chapters.

1.2 For new Kotlin programmers If you are new to Kotlin programming, the entire book is appropriate for you. Just start at the beginning and keep going.

1.3 Downloading the code samples The source code and Android Studio project files for the examples contained in this book are available for download at: https://www.ebookfrenzy.com/retail/compose13/index.php The steps to load a project from the code samples into Android Studio are as follows: 1. Click on the Open button option from the Welcome to Android Studio dialog. 2. In the project selection dialog, navigate to and select the folder containing the project to be imported and click on OK.

1.4 Feedback We want you to be satisfied with your purchase of this book. Therefore, if you find any errors in the book or have any comments, questions, or concerns, please contact us at

1.5 Errata While we make every effort to ensure the accuracy of the content of this book, inevitably, a book covering a subject area of this size and complexity may include some errors and oversights. Any known issues with the book will be outlined, together with solutions, at the following URL: https://www.ebookfrenzy.com/errata/compose13.html If you find an error not listed in the errata, email our technical support team at

2. Setting up an Android Studio Development Environment Before any work can begin on the development of an Android application, the first step is to configure a computer system to act as the development platform. This involves several steps consisting of installing the Android Studio Integrated Development Environment (IDE) which also includes the Android Software Development Kit (SDK), the Kotlin plug-in and OpenJDK Java development environment. This chapter will cover the steps necessary to install the requisite components for Android application development on Windows, macOS, and Linux-based systems.

2.1 System requirements Android application development may be performed on any of the following system types: •Windows 8/10/11 64-bit •macOS 10.14 or later running on Intel or Apple silicon •Chrome OS device with Intel i5 or higher •Linux systems with version 2.31 or later of the GNU C Library (glibc) •Minimum of 8GB of RAM •Approximately 8GB of available disk space •1280 x 800 minimum screen resolution

2.2 Downloading the Android Studio package Most of the work involved in developing applications for Android will be performed using the Android Studio environment. The content and examples in this book were created based on Android Studio Flamingo 2022.2.1 using the Android API 33 SDK (Tiramisu) which, at the time of writing, are the latest versions. Android Studio is, however, subject to frequent updates so a newer version may have been released since this book was published. The latest release of Android Studio may be downloaded from the primary download page which can be found at the following URL: https://developer.android.com/studio/index.html If this page provides instructions for downloading a newer version of Android Studio it is important to note that there may be some minor differences between this book and the software. A web search for “Android Studio Flamingo” should provide the option to download the older version if these differences become a problem. Alternatively, visit the following web page to find Android Studio Flamingo 2022.2.1 in the archives: https://developer.android.com/studio/archive

2.3 Installing Android Studio Once downloaded, the exact steps to install Android Studio differ depending on the operating system on which the installation is being performed.

2.3.1 Installation on Windows Locate the downloaded Android Studio installation executable file (named in a Windows Explorer window and double-click on it to start the installation process, clicking the Yes button in the User Account Control dialog if it appears. Once the Android Studio setup wizard appears, work through the various screens to configure the installation to meet your requirements in terms of the file system location into which Android Studio should be installed and whether or not it should be made available to other users of the system. When prompted to select the components to install, make sure that the Android Studio and Android Virtual Device options are all selected. Although there are no strict rules on where Android Studio should be installed on the system, the remainder of this book will assume that the installation was performed into C:Program FilesAndroidAndroid Studio and that the Android SDK packages have been installed into the user’s AppDataLocalAndroidsdk sub- folder. Once the options have been configured, click on the Install button to begin the installation process. On versions of Windows with a Start menu, the newly installed Android Studio can be launched from the entry added to that menu during the installation. The executable may be pinned to

the taskbar for easy access by navigating to the Android Studiobin directory, right-clicking on the studio64 executable, and selecting the Pin to Taskbar menu option (on Windows 11 this option can be found by selecting Show more options from the menu).

2.3.2 Installation on macOS Android Studio for macOS is downloaded in the form of a disk image (.dmg) file. Once the android-studio--mac.dmg file has been downloaded, locate it in a Finder window and double-click on it to open it as shown in Figure Figure 2-1 To install the package, simply drag the Android Studio icon and drop it onto the Applications folder. The Android Studio package will then

be installed into the Applications folder of the system, a process that will typically take a few seconds to complete. To launch Android Studio, locate the executable in the Applications folder using a Finder window and double-click on it. For future, easier access to the tool, drag the Android Studio icon from the Finder window and drop it onto the dock.

2.3.3 Installation on Linux Having downloaded the Linux Android Studio package, open a terminal window, change directory to the location where Android Studio is to be installed and execute the following command: unzip /to package>/android-studio-ide--linux.zip Note that the Android Studio bundle will be installed into a subdirectory named android-studio. Assuming, therefore, that the above command was executed in the software packages will be unpacked into /home/demo/android-studio. To launch Android Studio, open a terminal window, change directory to the android-studio/bin sub-directory and execute the following command: ./studio.sh When running on a 64-bit Linux system, it may be necessary to install some 32-bit support libraries before Android Studio will run. On Ubuntu these libraries can be installed using the following command:

sudo apt-get install libc6:i386 libncurses5:i386 libstdc++6:i386 lib32z1 libbz2-1.0:i386 On Red Hat and Fedora-based 64-bit systems, use the following command: sudo yum install zlib.i686 ncurses-libs.i686 bzip2-libs.i686

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CHAPTER XXVI. PROGRESS. Charlie now possessed what in those days was considered a handsome property. As the spring came on, he made sugar, and determined to cut and burn the growth of white maple, birch, and ash that covered the flat, that he might have field pasturage, and indulge his taste for farming. But his plans were brought to a sudden termination, and the land was to be cleared in a manner quite different from that which he had anticipated. About four o’clock one afternoon, as he and Ricker were grinding their axes, in preparation for the morrow, Ben, Captain Rhines, Uncle Isaac, and Fred landed in the cove. As Charlie went to meet them, Fred held up a letter. “We’ve come to set you to work,” said Captain Rhines. “We were afraid that, living here by yourself, with plenty of money, you would get rusty and lazy.” “I was afraid I should myself, and so am getting ready to go into the woods. Come, go into the house, all of you.” The letter was from Isaac. He was at Cadiz, waiting for a cargo of salt. “He says he wants a larger vessel; that the demand is for large spars for men-of-war, lower masts, yards, and bowsprits; that he can’t carry them in that vessel, and that the few he did carry he had to

run over the rail forward and aft, and he liked to have lost his vessel going out by one getting adrift.” “How large a vessel does he want, Captain Rhines?” asked Charlie. “Seven hundred tons,—a proper mast ship,—large enough to carry real whoppers, one hundred and eight feet long and thirty-six inches through, with a port at each end big enough to drive in a yoke of oxen.” Neither Charlie, nor even Fred, who thought the Hard-Scrabble a monster for size, seemed startled by this. “Is he in a hurry for her?” “No; he said he wanted you to be thinking about it; and he will let the masts alone, and take fish, boards, and staves to Madeira, or some of the Danish islands.” “I will go to cutting the timber to-morrow. I’d rather cut it into ship- timber than burn it. It won’t be fifty rods from the yard. As I am clearing, I can save what I come across, and set up the vessel in the fall, if he is in no hurry. Who’ll be the owners?” “Mr. Welch, Ben, Uncle Isaac, myself, and you ‘Hard-Scrabble boys.’ There’s eight of us. We’ll all own alike. Give her a hard-wood floor, white oak top, buy the timber of you, and take her at the bills.” “I’m agreed. What’s the dimensions?” “I’ve got them here. Isaac has seen an English mast ship out there, and sent home her proportions. But you must build a two-story frame-house first to lodge your men. You’ll want fifty or sixty men before you get through.” “I can get along with a log house—make it bigger. Some can sleep in the barn in warm weather. I want something else a great deal more

than I do a frame-house.” “What is that?” asked Ben. “A saw-mill right on this brook, where I can saw all my deck, ceiling, outboard plank, and waterways.” “That’s a fact,” said Uncle Isaac. “I go in for a mill. I’ll build in it, and work on it.” “I hope you won’t have a wooden crank,” said Fred. “Nor tread back with the foot,” said Ben, “like this old rattle-trap on the river.” “There’s water and fall enough,” said Captain Rhines; “and we’ll have an iron crank if we send to England for it, and all the modern improvements. I move that Charlie, Ricker, Yelf, and Joe Griffin go to work hewing the timber; and that we send Uncle Isaac off to the westward to learn the new improvements, and come home and build it.” Having agreed upon all these matters, they separated; and that is what became of Charlie’s farming that year. The pond, of which the brook was an outlet, furnishing a steady supply of water, not affected by droughts, offered a splendid mill privilege. The dam was almost built by nature, and the labor of constructing the whole was greatly lessened, as the timber grew upon the spot. Instead of going to work upon the mill, Charlie, who knew that the moment it was noised abroad that a mill was to be built on the outlet to Beaver Pond, the price of timber land in the immediate vicinity would rise, started off to Portsmouth, where the proprietor lived, and bought the whole lot, between him and Joe Griffin, which was heavily timbered with pine and hard wood. It was not the desire

of speculation that influenced him: he wanted ship-timber, spars, and lumber, and didn’t want to strip all the forest from his home farm. Charlie loved the trees: a bare and barren landscape had no charms for him. Uncle Isaac did not go to the westward to see the new improvements, but to Thomaston, where General Knox (with whom he was acquainted, having served under him in the war of independence) was building mills, and making all kinds of improvements. The general, who was a noble, hospitable man, received Uncle Isaac most cordially, took him to his house, and gave him every facility in his power. He looked over the mills, made his observations, and took plans of the machinery, came home, and went to work. Ricker now proved a most valuable man: he had been accustomed to mill work, and knew how to take care of a saw. Since his reformation, he had renewed his engagement, broken off by his loose habits. He went home, got married, took charge of the mill, and went to sawing out plank for the vessel. Charlie built a first-rate frame blacksmith’s shop, with a brick chimney. John came home, bringing a complete set of tools. Fred was fully occupied in getting fish ready to send in the “Hard- Scrabble” to Madeira, and exceedingly interested in some timber Ricker was sawing to order in the mill, and a cellar Uncle Sam Elwell was stoning not far from his store. It was snapping times now all round, everybody on the clean jump from morning to night. The mill was going night and day, and the short click of the saw rang in the still midnight through the old woods, that had before echoed only to the war-whoop of the red man, or the blows of the settler’s axe.

The younger portion of the community were wide awake, ready for anything, and a spirit of emulation was rife among them. Walter Griffin, Fred’s clerk, kicked out of the traces at once; he went to Fred, and said, “Mr. Williams, I must leave.” “Leave!” cried Fred, in amazement. “What for?” “I want to go to sea.” Fred more than liked Walter: he loved him; he was a splendid boy, industrious, trustworthy, and smart; but his wrist-joints were three inches below the sleeve of his jacket, for his mother couldn’t make clothes as fast as he grew. “Why, Walter, I didn’t dream of your ever leaving me. I want you, when you are older, to go into business with me. Don’t you like me?” The tears came into the boy’s eyes in a moment. “Like you, Mr. Williams! My own father ain’t nearer to me: you’ve done everything for me; but, Mr. Williams, I never was made to weigh flour, measure molasses and cloth; it don’t agree with our kind of people. I can’t stand it; I shall die: indeed I can’t.” “But you wouldn’t leave me now, when I have so much to do?” “Not by any means, sir. I don’t want to go till the big ship is done.” “I think you’ll miss it, Walter.” “I don’t, sir. I don’t see why I can’t do as well at sea as Isaac Murch. I’ll leave it to Uncle Isaac.” “Uncle Isaac, he’s always ready to shove any boy ahead.” “Didn’t you like to have him shove you ahead when you was a boy, sir?”

That was a thrust which Fred knew not how to parry, and he was silent. “Don’t feel so bad, Mr. Williams. My brother William is only eighteen months younger than I am; he would like to come in here, and would get well broke in before I shall want to go.” “But he’s a Griffin, too,” said Fred, despondingly, “and will clear out just as he becomes useful.” When the ship was ready for sea, half the boys in the neighborhood wanted to go in her. Isaac took four, and several young men, who had been some in coasters, as ordinary seamen. She was called the Casco. Fred was married to Elizabeth Rhines the day before she sailed, the wedding being somewhat hastened, in order that Isaac might be present. This was a most eventful year. Uncle Isaac, one Saturday night, created surprise enough by riding down to the store with his wife in a wagon, the first one that had ever been seen in the place. “You’ve got yourself into business, Isaac,” said the captain. “Either you or Charlie have got to make me one this winter.” “Then I must do it, Benjamin; for Charlie’s got enough to do this winter to take care of that baby.” Seth Warren assumed command of the Hard-Scrabble, that still continued to make money for her owners, who built more vessels, and acquired property, of which they made a most praiseworthy use, in affording employment to others, and doing all in their power to promote the welfare of society; and the prosperity and happiness of hundreds resulted from that pile of boards Captain Rhines navigated

to Cuba; and fleet and beautiful vessels, visiting the most distant seas, were the successors of the Hard-Scrabble. OLIVER OPTIC’S ARMY and NAVY STORIES. A Library for Young and Old, in six volumes. 16mo. Illustrated. Per vol., $1.50. The Sailor Boy, or Jack Somers in the Navy. The Yankee Middy, or Adventures of a Naval Officer. Brave Old Salt, or Life on the Quarter Deck. The Soldier Boy, or Tom Somers in the Army. The Young Lieutenant, or The Adventures of an Army Officer. Fighting Joe, or the Fortunes of a Staff Officer. “The writings of Oliver Optic are the most peculiarly fitted for juvenile readers of any works now published. There is a freshness and vivacity about them which is very engaging to older readers. The benefit which a young mind will obtain from reading the healthy descriptions, full of zest and life, and, withal, containing a great deal of very useful information, is almost incalculable.”—Toledo Blade. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston. OLIVER OPTIC’S MAGAZINE. OLIVER OPTIC, Editor. Published in Weekly and Monthly Parts. Each number contains: Part of a NEW STORY, by the Editor.

STORIES and SKETCHES, by popular authors. An ORIGINAL DIALOGUE. A DECLAMATION. PUZZLES, REBUSES, &c. All Handsomely Illustrated. Terms: $2.50 per Year; $1.25 for Six Months; 6 cts. per number. Subscribers can receive it either in Monthly or Weekly parts. Remember, this Magazine contains more reading matter than any other juvenile magazine published. Specimen copies sent free by mail on application. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston. OLIVER OPTIC’S RIVERDALE STORIES. Twelve volumes. Profusely illustrated from new designs by Billings. In neat box. Cloth. Per vol., 45c. Little Merchant. Young Voyagers. Christmas Gift. Dolly and I. Uncle Ben. Birthday Party. Proud and Lazy. Careless Kate. Robinson Crusoe, Jr. The Picnic Party. The Gold Thimble.

The Do-Somethings. “Anxious mothers who wish to keep their boys out of mischief, will do well to keep their hands filled with one of the numerous volumes of Oliver Optic. They all have a good moral, are full of fascinating incidents mingled with instruction, and teach that straight-forwardness is best.”—News. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston. OLIVER OPTIC’S YOUNG AMERICA ABROAD. A Library of Travel and Adventure in Foreign Lands. 16mo. Illustrated by Nast, Stevens, Perkins, and others. Per volume, $1.50. Outward Bound, or Young America Afloat. Shamrock & Thistle, or Young America in Ireland and Scotland. Red Cross, or Young America in England and Wales. Dikes & Ditches, or Young America in Holland and Belgium. Palace & Cottage, or Young America in France and Switzerland. Down the Rhine, or Young America in Germany. “These are by far the most instructive books written by this popular author, and while maintaining throughout enough of excitement and adventure to enchain the interest of the youthful reader, there is still a great amount of information conveyed respecting the history, natural features, and geography of this far-off land, and the peculiarities of the places and people which they contain.”—Gazette. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston.

OLIVER OPTIC’S LAKE SHORE SERIES. Six Vols., Illust. Per vol., $1.25. Through by Daylight; Or, The Young Engineer of the Lake Shore Railroad. Lightning Express; Or, The Rival Academies. On Time; Or, The Young Captain of the Ucayga Steamer. Switch Off; Or, The War of the Students. Brake Up; Or, The Young Peacemakers. Bear and Forbear; Or, The Young Skipper of Lake Ucayga. Oliver Optic owes his popularity to a pleasant style, and to a ready sympathy with the dreams, hopes, aspirations, and fancies of the young people for whom he writes. He writes like a wise, overgrown boy, and his books have therefore a freshness and raciness rarely attained by his fellow scribes.—Christian Advocate. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston. OLIVER OPTIC’S BOAT CLUB SERIES. Six Vols., Illust. Per vol., $1.25.

The Boat Club; Or, The Bunkers of Rippleton. All Aboard; Or, Life on the Lake. Now or Never; Or, the Adventures of Bobby Bright. Try Again; Or, The Trials and Triumphs of Harry West. Poor and Proud; Or, The Fortunes of Katy Redburn. Little by Little; Or The Cruise of the Flyaway. Boys and girls have no taste for dry and tame things; they want something that will stir the blood and warm the heart. Optic always does this, while at the same time he improves the taste and elevates the moral nature. The coming generation of men will never know how much they are indebted for what is pure and enobling to his writings.—R. I. Schoolmate. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston. OLIVER OPTIC’S STARRY FLAG SERIES. Six Vols., Illust. Per vol., $1.25. The Starry Flag; Or, The Young Fisherman of Cape Ann. Breaking Away; Or, The Fortunes of a Student. Seek and Find; Or, The Adventures of a Smart Boy.

Freaks of Fortune; Or, Half Round the World. Make or Break; Or, The Rich Man’s Daughter. Down the River; Or, Buck Bradford and his Tyrants. These books are exciting narratives, and full of stirring adventures, but the youthful heroes of the stories are noble, self-sacrificing, and courageous, and the stories contain nothing which will do injury to the mind or heart of the youthful reader.—Webster Times. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston.

OLIVER OPTIC’S WOODVILLE STORIES. Six Vols., Illust. Per vol., $1.25. Rich and Humble; Or, The Mission of Bertha Grant. In School and Out; Or, the Conquest of Richard Grant. Watch and Wait; Or, The Young Fugitives. Work and Win; Or, Noddy Newman on a Cruise. Hope and Have; Or, Fanny Grant among the Indians. Haste and Waste; Or, The Young Pilot of Lake Champlain. Oliver Optic is the apostolic successor, at the “Hub,” of Peter Parley. He has just completed the “Woodville Stories,” by the publication of “Haste and Waste.” The best notice to give of them is to mention that a couple of youngsters pulled them out of the pile two hours since, and are yet devouring them out in the summer- house (albeit autumn leaves cover it) oblivious to muffin time.—N. Y. Leader. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston. REV. ELIJAH KELLOGG’S ELM ISLAND STORIES. Six vols. 16mo. Illustrated. Per vol., $1.25.

1. Lion Ben of Elm Island. 2. Charlie Bell. 3. The Ark of Elm Island. 4. The Boy Farmers of Elm Island. 5. The Young Shipbuilders of Elm Island. 6. The Hardscrabble of Elm Island. “There is no sentimentalism in this series. It is all downright matter-of-fact boy life, and of course they are deeply interested in reading it. The history of pioneer life is so attractive that one involuntarily wishes to renew those early struggles with adverse circumstances, and join the busy actors in their successful efforts to build up pleasant homes on our sea-girt islands.”—Zion’s Herald. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston. Wonderful Stories. JUTLAND SERIES. Four vols. Illustrated. Set in a neat box, or sold separate. Per vol., $1.50. The Sand Hills of Jutland. By Hans Christian Andersen. 16mo. Illustrated. Yarns of an Old Mariner. By Mrs. Mary Cowden Clarke. Illustrated by Cruikshank. 16mo. Schoolboy Days. By W. H. G. Kingston. 16mo. Sixteen illustrations. Great Men and Gallant Deeds. By J. G. Edgar. 16mo. Illustrated. Four books by four noted authors comprise this series, which contains Adventures by Sea and Land, Manly Sports of England, Boy Life in English Schools, Fairy Tales and Legends,—all handsomely illustrated. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston.

Illustrated Natural History. YOUNG HUNTER’S LIBRARY. By Mrs. R. Lee. Four volumes. Illustrated. Per vol., $1.50. The Australian Wanderers. The Adventures of Captain Spencer and his Horse and Dog in the Wilds of Australia. The African Crusoes. The Adventures of Carlos and Antonio in the Wilds of Africa. Anecdotes of Animals, With their Habits, Instincts, &c., &c. Anecdotes of Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, &c., their Habits and Instincts. This is a very popular series, prepared for the purpose of interesting the young in the study of natural history. The exciting adventures of celebrated travellers, anecdotes of sagacity in birds, beasts, &c., have been interwoven in a pleasant manner. This series is not only very interesting but is decidedly profitable reading. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston. The Great West. THE FRONTIER SERIES. Four vols. Illustrated. Per vol., $1.25. Twelve Nights in the Hunters’ Camp. A Thousand Miles’ Walk Across South America. The Cabin on the Prairie. Planting the Wilderness.

“The romance surrounding the adventurous lives of Western pioneers and immigrants has suggested nearly as many stories as the chivalric deeds of knight- errantry. These tales of frontier life are, however, as a rule, characterized by such wildness of fancy and such extravagancy of language that we have often wondered why another Cervantes did not ridicule our border romances by describing a second Don Quixote’s adventures on the prairies. We are pleased to notice, that in the new series of Frontier Tales, by Lee & Shepard, there is an agreeable absence of sensational writing, of that maudlin sentimentality which make the generality of such tales nauseous.”—Standard. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston. MISS LOUISE M. THURSTON’S CHARLEY ROBERTS SERIES. To be completed in six vols. Illustrated. Per volume, $1. How Charley Roberts Became a Man. How Eva Roberts Gained Her Education. Charley and Eva’s Home in the West. (Others in Preparation.) In presenting the above new series the publishers believe that they are adding to that class of juvenile literature whose intrinsic worth is recognized by those who have at heart the good of the young. “They are pleasantly written books, descriptive of the struggles and difficulties of Charley and Eva in attaining to manhood and womanhood, and they are well adapted to stimulate a noble ambition in the hearts of young persons.” LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston. “Varied and Attractive.” VACATION STORY-BOOKS.

Six vols. Illust. Per vol., 80 cts. Worth not Wealth. Country Life. The Charm. Karl Keigler. Walter Seyton. Holidays at Chestnut Hill. ROSY DIAMOND STORY-BOOKS. Six volumes. Illustrated. Per vol., 80 cts. The Great Rosy Diamond. Daisy, or The Fairy Spectacles. Violet, a Fairy Story. Minnie, or The Little Woman. The Angel Children. Little Blossom’s Reward. These are delightful works for children. They are all very popular, and have had a wide circulation. They are now presented in a new dress. The stories are all amusing and instructive, exhibiting human nature in children, and teaching some very important practical lessons. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston. MAY MANNERING’S HELPING HAND SERIES.

Six volumes. Illustrated. Per volume, $1. Climbing the Rope. Billy Grimes’s Favorite. The Cruise of the Dashaway. The Little Spaniard. Salt Water Dick. Little Maid of Oxbow. “‘May Mannering’ is the nom de plume of an agreeable writer for the young folks who possesses more than ordinary ability, and has a thorough comprehension of the way to interest children.”—Philadelphia Item. “We like the spirit of these books exceedingly, and cordially commend it to the notice of Sabbath School Libraries.”—Ladies’ Repository. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston. “Fascinating and Instructive.” THE PROVERB SERIES. By Mrs. M. E. Bradley and Miss Kate J. Neely. Six vols. Illust. Per vol., $1. Birds of a Feather. Fine Feathers do Not make Fine Birds. Handsome is that Handsome does. A Wrong Confessed is half Redressed. Actions speak louder than Words. One Good Turn deserves another. “Each volume is complete in itself, and illustrates, with a story of most fascinating and instructive interest, the proverb taken for its title. These are just the kind of

books that we like to see in a family or Sunday-school library. They will be read by persons of all ages with deep interest, and afford instructive and entertaining conversation with the children.”—S. S. Journal. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston. Transcriber’s Note: Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.

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