The article you made reference to (Functions and classes available to Web Workers) starts with the definition of its scope:
...there are a variety of functions available from the DOM to workers. This article provides a list of those.
In other words, it covers the features from the Web API which are available to Web Workers.
Promise is not part of the Web API, but part of the ECMAScript language specification.
Although workers run in another global context, the ECMAScript language specification (since ES 2015) requires that the global context defines Promise.
In a related article, Using Web Workers, Mozilla Contributors write:
The worker context is represented by a DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope object...
The linked article on DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope has:
Some additional global functions, namespaces objects, and constructors, not typically associated with the worker global scope, but available on it, are listed in the JavaScript Reference.
The linked JavaScript Reference article finally lists all built-is, including Promise.