Repository for training, testing and developing machine learned force fields using the SO3krates transformer [1, 2].

Assuming you have already set up an virtual environment with python version >= 3.9. In order to ensure compatibility with CUDA jax/jaxlib have to be installed manually. Therefore before you install MLFF run one of the following commands (depending on your CUDA version)

pip install --upgrade pip # CUDA 12 installation # Note: wheels only available on linux. pip install --upgrade "jax[cuda12_pip]" -f https://storage.googleapis.com/jax-releases/jax_cuda_releases.html # CUDA 11 installation # Note: wheels only available on linux. pip install --upgrade "jax[cuda11_pip]" -f https://storage.googleapis.com/jax-releases/jax_cuda_releases.html 

for details check the official JAX repository.

Next clone the mlff repository by running

git clone https://github.com/thorben-frank/mlff.git 

Now do

cd mlff pip install -e . 

which completes the installation and installs remaining dependencies.

If you do not have a weights and bias account already you can create on here. After installing mlff run

wandb login 

and log in with your account.

Following we will give a quick start how to train, evaluate and run an MD simulation with the SO3krates model.

Train your fist So3krates model by running

train_so3krates --data_file data.xyz --n_train 1000 --n_valid 100 --wandb_init project=so3krates,name=first_run 

The --data_file can be any format digestible by the ase.io.read method. In case minimal image convention should be applied, add --mic to the command. The model parameters will be saved per default to module/. Another directory can be specified using --ckpt_dir $CKPT_DIR, which will safe the model parameters to $CKPT_DIR/. More details on training can be found in the detailed training section below.

After training, change into the model directory, e.g. and run the evaluate command

cd module evaluate 

As before, when your data is not in eV and Angstrom add the --units keyword. The reported metrics are then in eV and Angstrom (e.g. --units energy='kcal/mol',force='kcal/(mol*Ang)' if the energy in your data is in kcal/mol).

Before you can use the calculator make sure you install the glp package by cloning the glp repository and install it

git clone git@github.com:sirmarcel/glp.git cd glp pip install . 

After training you can create an ASE Calculator from the trained model via

from mlff.md.calculator import mlffCalculator import numpy as np calculator = mlffCalculator.create_from_ckpt_dir( 'path_to_ckpt_dir', # directory where e.g. hyperparameters.json is saved. dtype=np.float32 )

WARNING: MD is currently under re-write so do not expect to work.

You can use the mdx package which is the mlff internal MD package, fully relying on jax and thus fully optimized for XLA compilation on GPU. First, lets create a relaxed structure, using the LBFGS optimizer

run_relaxation --qn_max_steps 1000 --qn_tol 0.0001 --use_mdx 

which will save the relaxed geometry to relaxed_structure.h5. Next, convert the .h5 file to an xyz file, by running

trajectory_to_xyz --trajectory relaxed_structure.h5 --output relaxed_structure.xyz 

We now run an MD with the relaxed structure as start geometry

run_md --start_geometry relaxed_structure.xyz --thermostat velocity_verlet --temperature_init 600 --time_step 0.5 --total_time 1 --use_mdx 

Temperature is in Kelvin, time step in femto seconds and total time in nano seconds. It will save a trajectory.h5 file to the current working directory.

After the MD is finished you can either work with the trajectory.h5 using e.g. a jupyter notebook and h5py. Alternatively, you can run

trajectory_to_xyz --trajectory trajectory.h5 --output trajectory.xyz 

which will create an xyz file. The resulting xyz file can be used as input to the MDAnalysis python package, which provides a broad range of functions to analyse the MD simulations. The central Universe object can be creates easily as

import MDAnalysis as mda # Load MD simulation results from xyz u = mda.Universe('trajectory.xyz')

In the quickstart section we went through a few basic steps, allowing to train, validate a so3krates model as well as running an MD simulation. If you want to learn more about each of the steps, check the following sections.

Lets start start from the training command already shown in the quickstart section

train_so3krates --ckpt_dir first_module --data_file atoms.xyz --n_train 1000 --n_valid 100 

for which all data in atoms.xyz is loaded an split into 1000 data points for training, 100 data points for validation and the remaining data points n_test = n_tot - 1000 - 100 is hold back for testing the potential after training. The validation data points are used to determine the best performing model during training, for which the parameters are saved to first_module/checkpoint_loss_XXX where XXX denotes the training step for which the best performing model was found. We will show later, how to load the checkpoint such that one use the trained potential directly in Python.

mlff can deal with any input file that can be read by the ase.io.read method. Further --data_file admits to pass *.npz files. *.npz files allow to store numpy.ndarray under different keys. Thus, mlff needs to "know" under which key to find e.g. the positions, the forces and so on .. Per default, mlff assumes the following relations between property and key

{ atomic_position: R, # shape: (n_data, n, 3) atomic_type: z, # shape: (n_data, n) or (n) energy: E, # shape: (n_data, 1) force: F # shape: (n_data, n, 3) # in case mic should be applied (via --mic keyword) unit_cell: unit_cell # shape: (n_data, 3, 3) # lattice vectors are row-wise pbc: pbc # shape: (n_data, 3) } 

If you have an *.npz file which uses a different convention, you can specify the keys customizing the property keys via

train_so3krates --ckpt_dir second_module --data_file file.npz --n_train 1000 --n_valid 100 --prop_keys atomic_position=pos,atomic_type=numbers 

The above examples would assume that the properties energy and force are still found under the keys E and F, respectively but position and atomic_type are found under pos and numbers.

Per default, mlff assumes the ASE default units which are eV for energy and Angstrom for coordinates. Some data sets, however, differ from these convention, e.g. the MD17 or the MD22 data set. You can download the corresponding *.npz files here (Note that the *.xyz files provided there are not formatted in a way that allows reading them via ase.io.read method). For both data sets the energy is is in kcal/mol such that the forces are in kcal/(mol*Ang). You can either pre-process the data yourself by applying the proper conversion factors and pass the data directly into the train_so3krates command. Alternatively, you can set them manually by

train_so3krates --ckpt_dir dha_module --train_file dha.npz --n_train 1000 --n_valid 500 --units energy='kcal/mol',force='kcal/(mol*Ang)' 

Note the character strings for the units, which are necessary in the course of internal processing. This will internally rescale the energy and the forces to eV and eV/Ang.

In [3] SO3krates was used to calculate EOS and heat flux in solids, such that it must be capable of handling periodic boundary conditions. If you want to apply the minimal image convention, you can specify this by adding the corresponding flag to the training command

train_so3krates --ckpt_dir pbc_module --train_file file_with_pbc.xyz --n_train 100 --n_valid 100 --mic 

Internally, mlff uses the ase.neighborlist.primitive_neighborlist for computing the atomic neighborhoods.

The energy scale of the data, tend to increase rapidly with the number of atoms in the system. However, relevant scale of energy changes is usually on the scale of a few eV, such that one typically shifts the energy by the mean of the energies in the --n_train training data points. This is done by default when running the train_so3krates command. However, it might be desired to atom type specific shifts, which is possible via

train_so3krates --energy_shift_module --atoms.xyz --n_train 1000 --n_valid 200 --shifts 1=-500.30, 6=-6000.25 

and would shift the energy by -500.30 for each hydrogen in the structure and by -6000.25 for each carbon.

One can further vary different model hyperparameters: --L sets the number of message passing steps, --F sets the feature dimension, --degrees sets the degrees for spherical harmonic coordinates and --r_cut sets the cutoff for the atomic neighborhoods. E.g. a model with 2 message passing layers, feature dimension 64, degree 1 and 2 and cutoff of 4 Angstrom can be trained by running

train_so3krates --new_hypers_module --atoms.xyz --n_train 1000 --n_valid 200 --L 2 --F 64 --degrees 1 2 --r_cut 4 

TODO

To keep track of the performed experiments, you can organize your trainings using weights and bias. You can specify the project and name of the current trainings run via

train_so3krates --wandb_module --atoms.xyz --n_train 1000 --n_valid 200 --wandb_init project=so3krates,name=deep_dive_run 

The arguments passed to --wandb_init are passed as is to the wandb.init for which you can find all possible arguments here.

In order to validate the models performance, the errors on the unseen test set are often a good starting point. Go to model you want to evaluate by going to the model directory (the directory in which the checkpoint_loss_XXX file lies) and use the evaluate command

cd module evaluate 

This command will evaluate the model on the test data points and print the mean absolute error (MAE), the root mean squared error (RMSE) and the R2 spearson correlation. It will further save two files in the current directory which are called metrics.json and evaluate_predictions.npz. The former contains the metrics which have also been printed and the latter contains the per data point predictions of the model. Thus, the metrics can be calculated from the evaluate_predictions.npz by using the following code snippet

import numpy as np eval_data = np.load('evaluate_predictions.npz', allow_pickle=True) predicted_energies = eval_data['predictions'].item()['E'] target_energies = eval_data['targets'].item()['E'] mae = np.abs(predicted_energies - target_energies).mean() print(f'MAE: {mae:.4f} (eV)')

While it is convenient to train and validate a model using the CLI, playing around with the potential is often much easier in Python in particular if it is of interest to couple it with other methods and packages.

Below you find a code snippet how to load a trained So3krates model and use it in Python.

import jax.numpy as jnp from mlff.mdx import MLFFPotential ckpt_dir = 'path/to/ckpt_dir/' dtype = jnp.float64 pot = MLFFPotential.create_from_ckpt_dir(ckpt_dir=ckpt_dir, dtype=dtype)

The resulting potential is a Potential in the sense of the the glp package. Thus, you can directly use your trained so3krates model to perform energy, force, stress and heat flux calculations. glp also offers a binding to vibes, which further allows you to do Phonon calculations and much more. To calculate thermal conductivities you can use the gkx package.

TODO

The test suite can be run with pytest as:

pytest tests/ 

If you use parts of the code please cite the corresponding papers

@article{frank2022so3krates, title={So3krates: Equivariant attention for interactions on arbitrary length-scales in molecular systems}, author={Frank, Thorben and Unke, Oliver and M{\"u}ller, Klaus-Robert}, journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}, volume={35}, pages={29400--29413}, year={2022} } @article{frank2024euclidean, title={A Euclidean transformer for fast and stable machine learned force fields}, author={Frank, Thorben and Unke, Oliver and M{\"u}ller, Klaus-Robert and Chmiela, Stefan}, journal={Nature Communications}, volume={15}, number={1}, pages={6539}, year={2024} } 

• [1] J.T. Frank, O.T. Unke, and K.R. Müller. So3krates: Equivariant attention for interactions on arbitrary length-scales in molecular systems, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35 (2022): 29400-29413.
• [2] J.T. Frank, O.T. Unke, K.R. Müller and S. Chmiela. A Euclidean transformer for fast and stable machine learned force fields, Nature Communications 15 (2024): 6539.
• [3] M.F. Langer, J.T. Frank, and F. Knoop. Stress and heat flux via automatic differentiation, The Journal of Chemical Physics 159.17 (2023)