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I've used gpg4win's Kleopatra tool to create an OpenPGP RSA personal certificate. I want to export the private key for several reasons (import it on another machine, as well as backing it up in Keepass), so I right-clicked the certificate and chose "Export Secret Keys..." and chose to "ASCII armor" it.

If I open up the file in Notepad I see this kind of thing:

-----BEGIN PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK----- asdfhoewiqifEFJUIONsedfiOEJhioEFh8903FSED.....etc. etc. etc. etc. -----END PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK-----

How can I tell (or alternatively: know) if this is passphrase-protected?

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Is this passphrase-protected? There's a high probability it is!

How can I know if this is passphrase-protected?

Simply enough: import the exported key and try to use it; if it was originally created with a passphrase, it will be exported with the passphrase. You need to know it after the import, too.

It is possible to create a passphrase-less key pair, but after confirming this three times and then finally re-entering the empty passphrase you should already be pretty aware that this isn't smart:

Kleopatra pinetry-qt4 confirmations[1]

How can I tell if this is passphrase-protected?

You can also analyze the key with gpg --list-packets --verbose private-exported.asc.

On a password protected key you'll see something like this:

 pkey[1]: 010001 iter+salt S2K, algo: 3, SHA1 protection, hash: 2, salt: 85B065E6EAFE95F6 protect count: 2752512 (181) protect IV: e6 47 c1 03 96 b1 5c e8 skey[2]: [v4 protected] keyid: F5798EF2ECAC2051

While the unprotected key reveals all the keys like this:

 pkey[0]: BC1A19AD1A1AC852F7A5E.... pkey[1]: 010001 skey[2]: 02CA55EDF940900EFFD2A.... skey[3]: D477DA74DF0DCD8E991AA.... skey[4]: E2A43778C36FEE7E27903.... skey[5]: E0CC81786737F2838A7FE....
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