If you have a file in which all lines are sorted (alphabetically or otherwise), you can easily delete (consecutive) duplicate lines. Simply open the file in your favorite text editor, and do a search-and-replace searching for ^(.*)(\R\1)+$ and replacing with \1 or $1. For this to work, the anchors need to match before and after line breaks (and not just at the start and the end of the file or string), and the dot must not match newlines.

Here is how this works. The caret will match only at the start of a line. So the regex engine will only attempt to match the remainder of the regex there. The dot and star combination simply matches an entire line, whatever its contents, if any. The parentheses store the matched line into the first backreference.

Next we will match the line break. \R matches any line break, including a CRLF pair and Unicode line breaks. If your application does not support \R then you can use \r?\n instead to match either a CRLF pair or an LF-only line break to support both Windows and UNIX text files. So up to this point we matched a line and the following line break.

Now we need to check if this combination is followed by a duplicate of that same line. We do this simply with \1. This is the first backreference which holds the line we matched. The backreference will match that very same text.

If the backreference fails to match then the regex match and the backreference are discarded, and the regex engine tries again at the start of the next line. If the backreference succeeds, the plus symbol in the regular expression will try to match additional copies of the line. Finally, the dollar symbol forces the regex engine to check if the text matched by the backreference is a complete line. We already know the text matched by the backreference is preceded by a line break (matched by \R). Therefore, we now check if it is also followed by a line break or if it is at the end of the file using the dollar sign.

The entire match becomes line\nline (or line\nline\nline etc.). Because we are doing a search and replace, the line, its duplicates, and the line breaks in between them, are all deleted from the file. Since we want to keep the original line, but not the duplicates, we use \1 or $1 as the replacement text to put the original line back in. Which of these two to use depends on your editor’s syntax for backreferences in the replacement.

Removing Duplicate Items From a String

We can generalize the above example to afterseparator(item)(separator\1)+beforeseparator, where afterseparator and beforeseparator are zero-length. So if you want to remove consecutive duplicates from a comma-delimited list, you could use (?<=,|^)([^,]*)(,\1)+(?=,|$).

The positive lookbehind (?<=,|^) forces the regex engine to start matching at the start of the string or after a comma. ([^,]*) captures the item. (,\1)+ matches consecutive duplicate items. Finally, the positive lookahead (?=,|$) checks if the duplicate items are complete items by checking for a comma or the end of the string.