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I've tried all publicly discussed methods I could find to connect to WiFi via ADB on a phone with a broken screen (no display/no touch). The closest I have got is via wpa_cli using the method #1 described below.

Other methods that I tried are also mentioned but with no success. My goal for this broken phone is to use it as a headless server either via LinuxDeploy or native apps for Android, and for that I need to get VNC running and for that I need to connect to Wifi somehow.

Solutions for connecting to Wifi OR otherwise getting VNC access to the Android display (using ADB usb only) are welcome. I don't have a USB-C Network card so using that isn't an option at this stage.

Method #1 - Using WPA_CLI

In this case I leave /data/misc/wifi/wpa_supplicant.conf and /data/misc/wifi/WifiConfigStore.xml untouched and just pop into wpa_cli using adb shell

wpa_cli Setup

> add_network 0 > set_network 0 scan_ssid 1 OK > set_network 0 ssid "my_ssid" OK > set_network 0 key_mgmt WPA-PSK OK > set_network 0 psk "my_wifi_pass" OK > enable_network 0 OK <3>CTRL-EVENT-STATE-CHANGE id=-1 state=3 BSSID=00:00:00:00:00:00 SSID= <3>CTRL-EVENT-SCAN-STARTED <3>CTRL-EVENT-SCAN-RESULTS <3>WPS-AP-AVAILABLE <3>Trying to associate with SSID 'fy-huawei-m9' <3>CTRL-EVENT-STATE-CHANGE id=-1 state=5 BSSID=00:00:00:00:00:00 SSID= <3>CTRL-EVENT-STATE-CHANGE id=0 state=6 BSSID=00:00:00:00:00:00 SSID=fy-huawei-m9 <3>Associated with 50:01:d9:41:d7:00 <3>CTRL-EVENT-SUBNET-STATUS-UPDATE status=0 <3>CTRL-EVENT-STATE-CHANGE id=0 state=7 BSSID=50:01:d9:41:d7:00 SSID=fy-huawei-m9 <3>CTRL-EVENT-STATE-CHANGE id=0 state=8 BSSID=50:01:d9:41:d7:00 SSID=fy-huawei-m9 <3>WPA: Key negotiation completed with 50:01:d9:41:d7:00 [PTK=CCMP GTK=CCMP] <3>CTRL-EVENT-CONNECTED - Connection to 50:01:d9:41:d7:00 completed [id=0 id_str=] <3>CTRL-EVENT-STATE-CHANGE id=0 state=9 BSSID=50:01:d9:41:d7:00 SSID=fy-huawei-m9 <3>CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=50:01:d9:41:d7:00 reason=3 locally_generated=1 <3>CTRL-EVENT-STATE-CHANGE id=0 state=0 BSSID=50:01:d9:41:d7:00 SSID=fy-huawei-m9 <3>CTRL-EVENT-SCAN-STARTED <3>CTRL-EVENT-SCAN-RESULTS

Looks like the wifi interface associates momentarily with the SSID but then immediately disconnects.

Logcat Output 
01-01 00:16:25.358 1074 1913 D WifiService: setWifiEnabled: true pid=2849, uid=0, package=com.android.shell 01-01 00:16:25.358 1074 1913 I WifiService: setWifiEnabled package=com.android.shell uid=0 enable=true 01-01 00:16:25.362 756 756 I [email protected]: Wifi HAL started 01-01 00:16:25.371 756 756 I [email protected]: Wifi driver is ready: Success 01-01 00:16:25.625 756 756 I WifiHAL : Initializing wifi 01-01 00:16:25.625 951 963 I LOWI-8.5.0.3.a: [LOWIController] isWifiEnabled: Wifi is now enabled 01-01 00:16:25.635 756 756 I WifiHAL : mpdu_size_threshold : 128, aggressive_statistics_gathering : 0 01-01 00:16:25.636 1074 1675 I WifiVendorHal: Vendor Hal started successfully 01-01 00:16:25.636 1074 1675 D WificondControl: Setting up driver for client mode 01-01 00:16:25.770 1074 1675 D WifiStateMachine: Setting OUI to DA-A1-19 01-01 00:16:25.772 756 756 E WifiHAL : wifi_set_scanning_mac_oui: requestResponse Error:-1 01-01 00:16:25.774 1074 1675 E WifiVendorHal: setScanningMacOui(l.1445) failed {.code = ERROR_UNKNOWN, .description = unknown} 01-01 00:16:25.784 1074 1675 I WifiVendorHal: Driver: 5.1.1.28U Firmware: FW:1.0.0.133.0 HW:WCN3990_V2.1 01-01 00:16:25.799 1074 1110 I WifiService: requestActivityInfo uid=1000 01-01 00:16:25.799 1074 1110 I WifiService: reportActivityInfo uid=1000 01-01 00:16:25.799 1074 1110 I WifiService: getSupportedFeatures uid=1000 01-01 00:16:25.835 1074 1675 D WifiConnectivityHelper: Firmware supported feature set: 48931bf 01-01 00:16:25.836 1074 1677 I WifiScanningService: wifi driver loaded with scan capabilities: max buckets=6 01-01 00:16:25.840 1074 1675 D WifiConnectivityHelper: Firmware roaming supported with capabilities: max num blacklist bssid=16 max num whitelist ssid=4 01-01 00:16:25.841 1074 1675 D WifiNative-wlan0: configureRoaming 01-01 00:16:25.842 1074 1675 I WifiStateMachine: disconnectedstate enter 01-01 00:16:25.844 1074 1675 D WifiStateMachine: resetting EAP-SIM/AKA/AKA' networks since SIM was changed 01-01 00:16:25.844 1074 1675 I chatty : uid=1000(system) WifiStateMachin identical 2 lines 01-01 00:16:25.845 1074 1675 D WifiStateMachine: resetting EAP-SIM/AKA/AKA' networks since SIM was changed 01-01 00:16:25.854 1074 1110 I WifiService: requestActivityInfo uid=1000 01-01 00:16:25.854 1074 1110 I WifiService: reportActivityInfo uid=1000 01-01 00:16:25.854 1074 1110 I WifiService: getSupportedFeatures uid=1000 01-01 00:16:25.939 1835 1973 I QCNEJ/CndHalConnector: -> SND notifyWifiP2pStateChanged(5) 01-01 00:16:55.456 1074 1913 D WifiService: setWifiEnabled: true pid=2876, uid=0, package=com.android.shell 01-01 00:16:55.456 1074 1913 I WifiService: setWifiEnabled package=com.android.shell uid=0 enable=true 01-01 00:17:35.524 1074 1110 I WifiService: requestActivityInfo uid=1000 01-01 00:17:35.524 1074 1110 I WifiService: reportActivityInfo uid=1000 01-01 00:17:35.525 1074 1110 I WifiService: getSupportedFeatures uid=1000 01-01 00:19:35.647 756 2865 I WifiHAL : event received NL80211_CMD_VENDOR, vendor_id = 0x1374, subcmd = 0x6a 01-01 00:19:36.272 756 2865 I WifiHAL : event received NL80211_CMD_VENDOR, vendor_id = 0x1374, subcmd = 0x6b 01-01 00:19:36.441 1074 1675 W WifiConfigManager: Looking up network with invalid networkId -1 01-01 00:19:36.442 1074 1675 W WifiStateMachine: Connected to unknown networkId -1, disconnecting... 01-01 00:19:37.260 756 2865 E WifiHAL : Few pkt stats messages missed: rcvd = 0, prev = 0 01-01 00:19:37.260 756 2865 I WifiHAL : Fate Tx-Rx: Packet fate stats stop received 01-01 00:19:58.058 1074 1110 I WifiService: requestActivityInfo uid=1000 01-01 00:19:58.058 1074 1110 I WifiService: reportActivityInfo uid=1000 01-01 00:19:58.059 1074 1110 I WifiService: getSupportedFeatures uid=1000

The key line here are:

01-01 00:19:36.441 1074 1675 W WifiConfigManager: Looking up network with invalid networkId -1 01-01 00:19:36.442 1074 1675 W WifiStateMachine: Connected to unknown networkId -1, disconnecting...

Looks like the WifiConfigManager won't let me connect to a network which isn't defined in /data/misc/wifi/WifiConfigStore.xml

Method #2 - Naive definition in wpa_supplicant.conf

In this attempt I simply define the entwork in wpa_supplicant.conf and don't touch /data/misc/wifi/WifiConfigStore.xml

Here is what my wpa_supplicant.conf looks like:

wpa_supplicant.conf

update_config=1 ctrl_interface=DIR=/data/system/wpa_supplicant GROUP=wifi eapol_version=1 ap_scan=1 fast_reauth=1 network={ ssid="my_ssid" psk="my_wifi_pass" key_mgmt=WPA-PSK priority=241 }

I then proceed to disable and re-enable the wifi service using svc wifi disable and svc wifi enable, and even reboot the phone but in both cases it doesn't seem to even attempt connecting to the network. The invalid networkId -1 message still pops up.

Logcat Output:

01-01 00:00:06.649 1062 1062 D WifiService: resetting networks because SIM was removed 01-01 00:00:06.649 1062 1062 D WifiService: resetting country code because SIM is removed 01-01 00:00:06.649 1062 1062 D WifiService: resetting networks because SIM was removed 01-01 00:00:06.649 1062 1062 D WifiService: resetting country code because SIM is removed 01-01 00:00:06.649 1062 1670 D WifiStateMachine: resetting EAP-SIM/AKA/AKA' networks since SIM was changed 01-01 00:00:06.650 1062 1670 D WifiStateMachine: resetting EAP-SIM/AKA/AKA' networks since SIM was changed 01-01 00:00:07.055 1062 1073 D WificondControl: Scan result ready event 01-01 00:00:07.061 1062 1670 W WifiConfigManager: Looking up network with invalid networkId -1

Method #3 - Copying WifiConfigStore.xml from a different phone connecting to this SSID

As a last ditch attempt, I restored the original wpa_supplicant.conf and copied over WifiConfigStore.xml from a phone running the same Android version that successfully connects to the WiFi network in question. Then I rebooted the phone

WifiConfigStore.xml

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8' standalone='yes' ?> <WifiConfigStoreData> <int name="Version" value="1" /> <NetworkList> <Network> <WifiConfiguration> <string name="ConfigKey">&quot;fy-huawei-m9&quot;WPA_PSK</string> <string name="SSID">&quot;fy-huawei-m9&quot;</string> <null name="BSSID" /> <string name="PreSharedKey">&quot;THEFORTUNE&quot;</string> <null name="WEPKeys" /> <int name="WEPTxKeyIndex" value="0" /> <boolean name="HiddenSSID" value="false" /> <boolean name="RequirePMF" value="false" /> <byte-array name="AllowedKeyMgmt" num="1">02</byte-array> <byte-array name="AllowedProtocols" num="1">0b</byte-array> <byte-array name="AllowedAuthAlgos" num="1">01</byte-array> <byte-array name="AllowedGroupCiphers" num="1">0f</byte-array> <byte-array name="AllowedPairwiseCiphers" num="1">06</byte-array> <boolean name="Shared" value="true" /> <int name="Status" value="0" /> <null name="FQDN" /> <null name="ProviderFriendlyName" /> <null name="LinkedNetworksList" /> <null name="DefaultGwMacAddress" /> <boolean name="ValidatedInternetAccess" value="true" /> <boolean name="NoInternetAccessExpected" value="false" /> <int name="UserApproved" value="0" /> <boolean name="MeteredHint" value="false" /> <int name="MeteredOverride" value="0" /> <boolean name="UseExternalScores" value="false" /> <int name="NumAssociation" value="22" /> <int name="CreatorUid" value="1000" /> <string name="CreatorName">android.uid.system:1000</string> <string name="CreationTime">time=08-02 08:39:20.369</string> <int name="LastUpdateUid" value="1000" /> <string name="LastUpdateName">android.uid.system:1000</string> <int name="LastConnectUid" value="1000" /> <boolean name="IsLegacyPasspointConfig" value="false" /> <long-array name="RoamingConsortiumOIs" num="0" /> </WifiConfiguration> <NetworkStatus> <string name="SelectionStatus">NETWORK_SELECTION_ENABLED</string> <string name="DisableReason">NETWORK_SELECTION_ENABLE</string> <string name="ConnectChoice">&quot;fy-net-ac&quot;WPA_PSK</string> <long name="ConnectChoiceTimeStamp" value="1534074466002" /> <boolean name="HasEverConnected" value="true" /> </NetworkStatus> <IpConfiguration> <string name="IpAssignment">DHCP</string> <string name="ProxySettings">NONE</string> </IpConfiguration> </Network> </NetworkList> <PasspointConfigData> <long name="ProviderIndex" value="0" /> </PasspointConfigData> </WifiConfigStoreData>

wpa_supplicant.conf

01-01 00:00:05.424 1073 1637 D WifiConfigStore: Reading from user store completed in 4 ms. 01-01 00:00:05.440 1073 1637 D WifiConfigStore: Writing to stores completed in 16 ms. 01-01 00:00:05.440 1073 1637 D WIFI : got request NetworkRequest [ TRACK_DEFAULT id=6, [ Capabilities: INTERNET&NOT_RESTRICTED&TRUSTED&NOT_VPN] ] with score 0 01-01 00:00:05.442 1073 1637 D WifiConnectivityHelper: Firmware supported feature set: 48931bf 01-01 00:00:05.442 1073 1637 D WifiConnectivityHelper: Firmware roaming supported with capabilities: max num blacklist bssid=16 max num whitelist ssid=4 01-01 00:00:05.443 1073 1637 D WifiNative-wlan0: configureRoaming 01-01 00:00:05.443 1073 1637 D WIFI : got request NetworkRequest [ TRACK_DEFAULT id=3, [ Capabilities: INTERNET&NOT_RESTRICTED&TRUSTED&NOT_VPN] ] with score 0 01-01 00:00:05.443 1073 1637 D WIFI : got request NetworkRequest [ TRACK_DEFAULT id=9, [ Capabilities: INTERNET&NOT_RESTRICTED&TRUSTED&NOT_VPN] ] with score 0 01-01 00:00:05.443 1073 1637 D WIFI : got request NetworkRequest [ REQUEST id=1, [ Capabilities: INTERNET&NOT_RESTRICTED&TRUSTED&NOT_VPN] ] with score 0 01-01 00:00:05.443 1073 1637 D WIFI_UT : got request NetworkRequest [ TRACK_DEFAULT id=6, [ Capabilities: INTERNET&NOT_RESTRICTED&TRUSTED&NOT_VPN] ] with score 0 01-01 00:00:05.443 1073 1637 D WIFI_UT : got request NetworkRequest [ TRACK_DEFAULT id=3, [ Capabilities: INTERNET&NOT_RESTRICTED&TRUSTED&NOT_VPN] ] with score 0 01-01 00:00:05.443 1073 1637 D WIFI_UT : got request NetworkRequest [ TRACK_DEFAULT id=9, [ Capabilities: INTERNET&NOT_RESTRICTED&TRUSTED&NOT_VPN] ] with score 0 01-01 00:00:05.443 1073 1637 D WIFI_UT : got request NetworkRequest [ REQUEST id=1, [ Capabilities: INTERNET&NOT_RESTRICTED&TRUSTED&NOT_VPN] ] with score 0 01-01 00:00:05.445 1073 1676 I SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: Registering ISupplicant service ready callback. 01-01 00:00:05.447 1073 1689 I SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: IServiceNotification.onRegistration for: [email protected]::ISupplicant, default preexisting=true 01-01 00:00:05.447 1073 1689 I zygote64: Looking for service [email protected]::ISupplicant/default 01-01 00:00:05.449 1073 1689 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: entering getInterface() 01-01 00:00:05.449 1073 1689 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: getInterface() completed successfully. 01-01 00:00:05.449 1073 1689 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: leaving getInterface() with result = [email protected]::ISupplicantP2pIface@Proxy 01-01 00:00:05.450 1073 1689 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: entering registerCallback() 01-01 00:00:05.450 1073 1689 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: registerCallback() completed successfully. 01-01 00:00:05.450 1073 1689 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: leaving registerCallback() 01-01 00:00:05.450 1073 1689 I SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: Completed initialization of ISupplicant interfaces. 01-01 00:00:05.484 1073 1632 I WifiService: getConfiguredNetworks uid=1000 01-01 00:00:05.543 1073 1073 D WifiService: resetting networks because SIM was removed 01-01 00:00:05.543 1073 1073 D WifiService: resetting country code because SIM is removed 01-01 00:00:05.543 1073 1637 D WifiStateMachine: resetting EAP-SIM/AKA/AKA' networks since SIM was changed 01-01 00:00:05.544 1073 1073 D WifiService: resetting networks because SIM was removed 01-01 00:00:05.544 1073 1073 D WifiService: resetting country code because SIM is removed 01-01 00:00:05.544 1073 1637 D WifiStateMachine: resetting EAP-SIM/AKA/AKA' networks since SIM was changed 01-01 00:00:05.556 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: entering setWpsDeviceName(Android_d3d3) 01-01 00:00:05.556 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: setWpsDeviceName(Android_d3d3) completed successfully. 01-01 00:00:05.556 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: leaving setWpsDeviceName(Android_d3d3) 01-01 00:00:05.556 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: entering setSsidPostfix(-Android_d3d3) 01-01 00:00:05.557 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: setSsidPostfix(-Android_d3d3) completed successfully. 01-01 00:00:05.557 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: leaving setSsidPostfix(-Android_d3d3) 01-01 00:00:05.557 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: entering setWpsDeviceType(10-0050F204-5) 01-01 00:00:05.557 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: setWpsDeviceType(10-0050F204-5) completed successfully. 01-01 00:00:05.558 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: leaving setWpsDeviceType(10-0050F204-5) 01-01 00:00:05.558 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: entering setWpsConfigMethods(virtual_push_button physical_display keypad) 01-01 00:00:05.558 1847 1956 I QCNEJ/CndHalConnector: -> SND notifyWifiP2pStateChanged(5) 01-01 00:00:05.559 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: setWpsConfigMethods(virtual_push_button physical_display keypad) completed successfully. 01-01 00:00:05.559 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: leaving setWpsConfigMethods(virtual_push_button physical_display keypad) 01-01 00:00:05.559 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: entering getDeviceAddress() 01-01 00:00:05.559 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: getDeviceAddress() completed successfully. 01-01 00:00:05.560 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: leaving getDeviceAddress() with result = 82:ad:16:7a:57:57 01-01 00:00:05.560 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: entering flush() 01-01 00:00:05.561 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: flush() completed successfully. 01-01 00:00:05.561 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: leaving flush() 01-01 00:00:05.561 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: entering serviceFlush() 01-01 00:00:05.561 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: serviceFlush() completed successfully. 01-01 00:00:05.561 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: leaving serviceFlush() 01-01 00:00:05.561 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: entering listNetworks() 01-01 00:00:05.562 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: listNetworks() completed successfully. 01-01 00:00:05.562 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: leaving listNetworks() with result = [] 01-01 00:00:05.562 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: entering saveConfig() 01-01 00:00:05.569 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: saveConfig() completed successfully. 01-01 00:00:05.569 1073 1676 D SupplicantP2pIfaceHal: leaving saveConfig() 01-01 00:00:06.108 1073 1834 D WificondControl: Scan result ready event 01-01 00:00:06.113 1073 1637 W WifiConfigManager: Looking up network with invalid networkId -1

Still no luck. Don't know what else I can do at this point but not giving up just yet.

Improve this question
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  • 2
    Do you know about github.com/Genymobile/scrcpy? Commented Aug 13, 2018 at 19:41
  • scrcpy looks quite interesting. I'll give it a go and report back here. Commented Aug 14, 2018 at 3:21
  • Thank you @Zulakis. scrcpy is working perfect and I couldn't be happier. I've managed to connect to Wifi normally and can resume my experimentation. Commented Aug 14, 2018 at 4:18
  • You're welcome! It's a great project :-) Commented Aug 14, 2018 at 9:54

1 Answer 1

Reset to default
2

svc wifi enable|disable should work if it's only about turning WiFi ON and OFF. Or you can use setWifiEnabled method directly by calling service wifi. On Android 8.1 its code (order) is 24, so you can do from adb shell:

~$ service call wifi s16 null i32 1 # Trun WiFi ON ~$ service call wifi s16 null i32 0 # Trun WiFi OFF

But since you also need to add new network to connect, it becomes difficult to go through Android APIs from commandline.

CONNECTING TO WIFI FROM COMMANDLINE:

Another approach is to use wpa_supplicant (and optionally wpa_cli) directly from CLI, don't rely on pre-generated WifiConfigStore.xml or wpa_supplicant.conf.

The following script includes the simple steps:

#!/system/bin/sh IFACE=wlan0 # WiFi interface name SSID=abcxyz # WiFi network name PSK=foobarfoobar # WiFi network password DIR=/data/local/tmp/WIFI # temporary directory mkdir -p $DIR if [ "$1" = stop ] then pkill wpa_supplicant ip ru del lookup main ip r f table main ip a f dev $IFACE rm -rf $DIR ndc resolver setnetdns 0 '' 0.0.0.0 exit fi # set interface up, add rule to lookup into 'main' table svc wifi disable for i in /sys/class/net/*; do ip link set down dev $(basename $i); done ip link set dev lo up ip link set dev $IFACE up ip rule add lookup main # destroy set network if any ndc network default set 0 # create configuration file <<-CONF cat >$DIR/wpa_supplicant.conf network={ ssid="$SSID" psk="$PSK" scan_ssid=1 } CONF # scan WiFi and connect to access point wpa_supplicant -B -i $IFACE -c $DIR/wpa_supplicant.conf until iw dev $IFACE link | grep -q '^Connected to'; do sleep 1; done # create 'udhcpc' script <<-'SCRIPT' cat >$DIR/udhcpc_default.script #!/system/bin/sh [ "$1" = bound ] || exit 0 # set IP address, add gateway route and set DNS ip address add $ip/$mask dev $interface ip route add default via $router dev $interface ndc resolver setnetdns 0 '' $dns SCRIPT # start DHCP client to obtain IP from server chmod 0755 $DIR/udhcpc_default.script busybox udhcpc -v -f -q -i $IFACE -s $DIR/udhcpc_default.script

* Omit the DHCP part if you want to set IP, route and DNS manually.
* I use my own built wpa_supplicant binary. udhcpc is a busybox applet, ip, iw and ndc are part of stock Android.
* For further options see wpa_supplicant.conf and udhcpc samples.

DNS:

Apps built with Android SDK depend on Bionic libc resolver for DNS queries, so we need to set DNS servers through native APIs. But still the Java network stack is down, so some apps depending on Android APIs may not behave normally. Programs linked against other C libraries may require resolv.conf to exist. See details in How to configure DNS? and How does Android OS do DNS name resolution?

WIFI DRIVER AND FIRMWARE:

Another problem could be to load WiFi in-kernel driver (as module) and firmware on boot. This is handled by vendor specific wcnss_service which runs in combination with [email protected] HAL. For instance on my device with Qualcomm Atheros Prima WLAN module the service loads firmware (WCNSS_qcom_cfg.ini and related WCNSS_*) files from /vendor/firmware/wlan/prima/ or /persist.

Once you turn on WiFi after boot, all services are started (including wificond) and firmware is loaded. You can check using rfkill or iw phy commands or directly from /sys/class/rfkill. To manually load driver:

~# echo -n sta >/sys/module/wlan/parameters/fwpath

Some more details can be found here, here and here.

When loading driver/firmware WiFi interface should already be created. Check using iw dev or ip link. Or you can manually create:

~# iw $(busybox rfkill -no device list wifi) interface add $IFACE type managed
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