As per the following issue registered on Drupal.org, that is what happening with D8 views hence you are observing that phenomenon. While in drupal 7 the view gets automatically updated. You can find the registered issue with drupal 8 core on drupal.org at following link.
When deleting a content type field, users do not realize the related View also is deleted
That issue is in review phase, hence probably significant work would have been done on that issue. You need to refer that.
If you read the entire discussion there, currently they are working on the idea of Comment #59. suggested by @dawehner which is stated/pasted below,
Here is alternative approach:
- Don't delete existing views
- Disable existing views and tell people which ones got disabled
- Then the user can go back to this view, fix missing fields and call it a day