Note: Logical operators (AND/OR/XOR etc) are logical or boolean depending on the type of the arguments (boolean or integer). Since Pascal had a separate boolean type from the start, boolean operators on integers were not necessary, and are always logical.
| C | Pascal | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| { | Begin | |
| } | End | |
| = | := | Becomes |
| == | = | Equal |
| / | / | Float Division (Integer: div) |
| % | Mod | Modulo operation |
| ! | Not | Logical not |
| != | <> | Not equal |
| && | And | Logical and |
| | | Or | Logical or |
| & | And | Bitwise and |
| | | Or | Bitwise or |
| ^ | Xor | Exclusive or |
| ~ | Not | One's complement |
| >> | Shr | bit shift right Note: shr is a logical bitshift, not arithmetic. If the left operand is a negative value of a signed type, then the result of an shr operation may not be what you expect. |
| << | Shl | bit shift left |
| ++ | Inc | |
| -- | Dec | |
| /* | { or (* | Comment start |
| */ | } or *) | Comment end |
| // | // | End of line comment (only one line comment) |
| 0x | $ | prefix for hex-number e.g. $FFFFFF |
| 0 | & | prefix for oct-number e.g. &77777777 |
| 0b | % | prefix for bin-number e.g. %11111111 |
| & | @ | address operator |
| * | ^ | See Pointer and Pointers |
| ? | IfThen | Ternary operator. see Math (min = (a < b) ? a : b) |
| if() | If Then | |
| if() else | If Then Else | |
| while | While Do | |
| do while | Repeat Until Not | |
| do while ! | Repeat Until | |
| for ++ | For To Do | |
| for -- | For Downto Do | |
| switch case break | Case Of End | |
| switch case break default | Case Of Else End | |
| const a_c_struct *arg | Constref arg : a_c_struct | |
| a_c_struct *arg | Var arg : a_c_struct |
| C type | Pascal type | Size (bits) | Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| char | Char | 8-bit | ASCII | |
| signed char | Shortint | 8-bit | -128 .. 127 | |
| unsigned char | Byte | 8-bit | 0 .. 255 | |
| char* | PChar | (32-bit) | Pointer to a null-terminated string | |
| short int | Smallint | 16-bit | -32768 .. 32767 | |
| unsigned short int | Word | 16-bit | 0 .. 65535 | |
| int | Integer | (16-bit or) 32-bit | -2147483648..2147483647 | Generic integer types |
| unsigned int | Cardinal | (16-bit or) 32-bit | 0 .. 4294967295 | Generic integer types |
| long int | Longint | 32-bit | -2147483648..2147483647 | |
| unsigned long int | Longword | 32-bit | 0 .. 4294967295 | |
| float | Single | 32-bit | 1.5E-45 .. 3.4E+38 | |
| double | Double | 64-bit | 5.0E-324 .. 1.7E+308 | |
| unsigned long long | QWord | 64-bit | 0 .. 18446744073709551615 |
| C type | Pascal | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| struct { } | Record End | |
| union { } | Record Case Of End | Variant Record |
| C | Pascal | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| abs | Abs | System |
| acos | ArcCos | Math |
| asin | ArcSin | Math |
| atan | ArcTan | System |
| atof | StrToFloat | SysUtils |
| atoi | StrToInt | SysUtils |
| atol | StrToInt | SysUtils |
| atoll | StrToInt64 | SysUtils |
| ceil | Ceil | Math |
| cos | Cos | System |
| exp | Exp | System |
| floor | Floor | Math |
| pow | Power | Math |
| round | Round | System |
| sin | Sin | System |
| sqrt | Sqrt | System |
| strcpy | Copy | System |
| strlen | Length | System |
| tan | Tan | Math |
| toupper | UpCase | System |
Assignment Operators
| Operator C | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| = | Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand | C = A + B is equivalent to pascal C:= A + B |
| += | Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the left operand and assign the result to the left operand. | C += A is equivalent to pascal C:= C + A |
| -= | Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. | C -= A is equivalent to pascal C := C - A |
| *= | Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. | C *= A is equivalent to pascal C := C * A |
| /= | Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. | C /= A is equivalent to pascal C := C / A |
| %= | Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand. | C %= A is equivalent to pascal C := C mod A |
| &= | Bitwise AND assignment operator. | C &= 2 is equivalent to pascal C := C and 2 |
| ^= | Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator. | C ^= 2 is equivalent to pascal C := C or not 2 |
| |= | Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator. | C |= 2 is equivalent to pascal C := C or 2 |
note: in free pascal you may not convert the following operators (+= , -= , *= , /=)
| Escape sequence | Hex value in ASCII | Character represented |
|---|---|---|
| ? | 3F | Question mark (used to avoid trigraphs) |
| ' | 27 | Apostrophe or single quotation mark |
| " | 22 | Double quotation mark |
| \ | 5C | Backslash |
| \a | 07 | Alert (Beep, Bell) (added in C89) |
| \b | 08 | Backspace |
| \e | 1B | Escape character |
| \f | 0C | Formfeed Page Break |
| \n | 0A | Newline (Line Feed); see notes below |
| \nnn | any | The byte whose numerical value is given by nnn interpreted as an octal number |
| \r | 0D | Carriage Return |
| \t | 09 | Horizontal Tab |
| \uhhhh | none | Unicode code point below 10000 hexadecimal (added in C99)[1]: 26 |
| \Uhhhhhhhh | none | Unicode code point where h is a hexadecimal digit |
| \v | 0B | Vertical Tab |
| \xhh… | any | The byte whose numerical value is given by hh… interpreted as a hexadecimal number |
| C++ type | Pascal | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| class { } | Class End | |
| class: { } | Class( ) End | |
| template <class T> class { } | Generic = Class<T> End | |
| struct { } | Object End | If you want methods |