PERF: DataFrame.join with how=left|right and sort=True

[lukemanley]

• Tests added and passed if fixing a bug or adding a new feature
• All code checks passed.
• Added type annotations to new arguments/methods/functions.
• Added an entry in the latest doc/source/whatsnew/v2.3.0.rst file if fixing a bug or adding a new feature.

import pandas as pd data = [f"i-{i}" for i in range(200_000)] idx1 = pd.Index(data, dtype="string[pyarrow_numpy]") idx2 = pd.Index(data[1:], dtype="string[pyarrow_numpy]") %timeit idx1.join(idx2, how="left", sort=True) # 330 ms ± 6.3 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each) -> main # 182 ms ± 2.68 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each) -> PR 

[mroeschke]

Thanks @lukemanley