Problem

inferencerlabs/NVIDIA-Nemotron-3-Super-120B-A12B-MLX-9bit gets 7 tok/s on M3 Ultra (512GB). Inferencer app claims 33.7 tok/s on same hardware using "modified MLX". The smaller Nano-30B variant gets 62.5 tok/s — confirming our MoE implementation is correct at smaller scale.

Profiling Data (per token, steady state)

97% of time is GPU compute (asyncEval), only 3.5ms is Swift overhead (model() graph construction).

Root Cause

Each MoE layer does 6 sequential Metal kernel dispatches:

1. gate matmul (4096→512 topk)
2. fc1_latent_proj (4096→1024 quantized matmul)
3. gather_qmm fc1 (1024→2688 across 22/512 experts)
4. relu2 (element-wise)
5. gather_qmm fc2 (2688→1024 across 22/512 experts)
6. fc2_latent_proj + score_sum (1024→4096)

Each dispatch writes to main memory. The [22, 2688] intermediate between fc1 and fc2 is written/read unnecessarily.

Active Parameter Analysis

• Total params: 120.7B (136 GB at 8-bit)
• Active per token: 12.8B (14.4 GB) — only 10.6% due to 22/512 MoE sparsity
• M3 Ultra bandwidth: ~800 GB/s
• Theoretical: 800/14.4 = 55.7 tok/s (sparse) vs 800/136 = 5.9 tok/s (full read)
• Measured: 7 tok/s (reading ~114 GB — nearly full)
• Inferencer: 33.7 tok/s (reading ~24 GB — partially sparse)

What Was Tried

1. Staged eval (per-layer graph breaking): No effect — data deps already serialize
2. Fused MoE Metal kernel (fc1→relu2→fc2→score in one dispatch): Kernel compiles and runs but has 8-bit affine dequantization bug — outputs are wrong after 1 token

What's Needed

Fused MoE kernel (primary — 75% of time)

• Single Metal kernel: fc1 → relu2 → fc2 → score_weight per expert
• Keep [2688] intermediate in registers/threadgroup shared memory
• Correct 8-bit affine dequant matching MLX's quantize() format
• Grid: (32 threads, K=22 experts, OUT_DIM=1024)
• Target: 93ms → ~20ms per token

Fused Mamba kernel (secondary — 23% of time)

• in_proj → conv1d → SSM → norm → out_proj in one dispatch
• Target: 28ms → ~7ms per token

Combined target: ~30ms/tok = ~33 tok/s

Model Config

88 layers: 40 Mamba (M) + 40 MoE (E) + 8 Attention (*) 512 experts, top-22, latent_size=1024, intermediate=2688 hidden=4096, 8-bit quantized (affine, group_size=32) Pattern: MEMEMEM*EMEMEMEM*EMEMEMEM*E... 

Files

• Scripts/patches/NemotronH.swift — model implementation
• Scripts/patches/SwitchLayers.swift — SwitchLinear/QuantizedSwitchLinear
• vendor/mlx-swift-lm/Libraries/MLXLLM/Models/SSM.swift — existing Metal kernel pattern to follow