Iankim keŋ kʋ'ʋlʋmin la

Tomato

Dɛmisim tɔ'ɔŋir suoya la
Di yinɛ Wikipiidia
tamantoos
food ingredient
⊆fruit, berry, vegetable, fruit vegetable Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Natural product of taxonTomato Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Unicode character🍅 Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Tomato ka ba buon ye ntoos, tamantoos, kamantoos" be "samantoos" la anɛ bʋnbʋta kanɛ wan gbila gbila ka ba diti li wala la, ka li paas bʋnbʋta banɛ bɛ zɛnmaꞌasa pʋʋgin. Tomato paas nɛ nightshade buudi ni linɛ siꞌeba an taba, dankal, nɛ nansuos winlis. Lin yi lɔsiꞌa na ka ba kpɛnꞌɛsi li yaan yiiga anɛ Western South America. Lin da dɔlis siꞌem paae kʋdʋmin dim la anɛ li da yinɛ Spanish dim banɛ da paas Columbian laꞌad tiꞌasig 16th century saŋa la.

Ntoos (Tomato) bʋnbʋtir anɛ linɛ tɛnꞌɛd tɛŋin, ka ba kuod yʋʋm bɛn ka mɛ pʋ bɔɔd maꞌasig zinꞌigɔ, amaa zinꞌig kanɛ ka ba gɔsidi li sʋꞌʋŋa li maan. Ba puum la mɛŋi maan diib. Buud paala banɛ ka ba mɔr nannanna la anɛ banɛ tɔnꞌɔ biꞌigid saŋa yinnɛ, ka li kɛt ka wal la pʋ Malisa. Buudinam paae tusa, bɛda bɛ ka bʋnbibis mɛ bɛ, kalanam kɔnꞌɔbkɔnꞌɔb, ba aansim bɛ kɔnꞌɔbkɔnꞌɔb, ka ba malisim mɛ kaꞌ yinnɛ. Tomatoes mɔr bʋnvʋya bɛdigʋ nɛ zʋnzʋnya banɛ daamidi ba, ka mɛ mɔr banꞌas banɛ yi virus nɛ kpaam-kpaamnam nɛ banɛ ɔnbid vaand la.

Ntoos (Tomato) malis nɛ ka an tɔlim-tɔlim, ka an bʋnlinɛ ka ba paasidi maan diib dunia zinꞌis wʋsa ni. Ba mɔri maan pizzas, pasta nɛ niꞌim diib siꞌeba, ka dʋgʋd zɛnꞌɛd wan wʋʋ gazpacho, curries ka ba siꞌeba an dhansak nɛ rogan josh, ka ban an denꞌam, ka mɔri paasid bʋnwal siꞌeba ni maan daam. Ba maan tomato malima yʋʋm wʋsa bɛ Buñol, Spain, bɛ Reynoldsburg, Ohio, nɛ Närpes, Finland tɛŋin.

Ntoos (Tomato) kparib paamid ligidi li ni hali sungid ba meng ne ba bi'is. Di ku'ub su'ngid gomena ligidi ne diib yela (economy) ka li no'obigi sunga.

Ntoos budi yu'um yu'um wusa amaa kpad si'eba more ma'ansin ne mo'or kuom la nku'ud onn men dine an "irrigational farming" be "dry seasonal farming" la.

Yʋꞌʋr pʋdib

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Yʋꞌʋr la yi siꞌel na

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Sɔb kanɛ an tomato yinɛ Spanish buudi pianꞌad kanɛ ka ba buon tomate, linɛ mɛ yi Nahuatl buudi pianꞌad ni ka ba buon tomatl [ˈtomat͡ɬ].[1] Yʋꞌʋr la ka ba pʋd lycopersicum, ka li gbin an 'wolf peach', lin yinɛ Galen, ka lin gbin da anɛ bʋnbʋta kanɛ ka ba nan ziꞌi o yʋꞌʋrɛ. Luigi Anguillara da yis labaar na 16th century ye Galen tɛŋ dim lycopersicum tɔꞌɔn an tomato la, laꞌanɛ lin tɔi nɛ ban na siꞌak ye linɛ la la, lycopersicum kpɛnꞌɛ naꞌasaasɔnꞌɔg tʋʋma ni ka anɛ wal yʋꞌʋr.[2]

Yʋꞌʋr buolig

Ban buon tomato siꞌem anɛ /təˈmeɪtoʊ/ (bɛ North American English) nɛ /təˈmɑːtoʊ/ (bɛ British English).[3] Yʋꞌʋr la ka ba buoni li zinꞌis ayi la da nyɛ yʋꞌʋr ka kpɛlim bɛ Ira nɛ George Gershwin yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pistanꞌ nɛ ayɔpɔ ni (1937) yi yʋʋma kanɛ da buon "Let's Call the Whole Thing Off" ("fʋ bɔɔd /pəˈteɪtoʊ/ ka mam mɛ bɔɔd /pəˈtɑːtoʊ/ / fʋ bɔɔd /təˈmeɪtoʊ/ ka mam mɛ nɔŋ /təˈmɑːtoʊ/").[4]

Pinꞌilig

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Tamantoos da yi tʋŋ siꞌa na anɛ mɔɔgin din, bʋnlinɛ da wan wiig Solanum pimpinellifolium, anɛ tiig kanɛ yit western South America, daꞌasiꞌerɛ anina ka ba mɔri kpɛnꞌɛ yaan yiiga. Ban da nyaŋi tiꞌak ntoos la ka o yʋꞌʋn an sʋꞌʋm la, li dɔlis anina ka ti yʋꞌʋn mɔr tamantoos banɛ wan bɛdigʋ zina nwa la, ba yaab anɛ S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme.[5][6] Amaa, banɛ gɔsidi li buudi nam yela vɛɛns ka ye tamantoos da nyɛ tiꞌakir ka ba mɔri kpɛnꞌɛd yaan hali ka li gaad S. lycopersicon var. Cerasiforme, ka ye daꞌasiꞌerɛ nwaꞌ da bɛ ka ba da nan pʋ mɔri li kpɛnꞌɛd yaanɛ, ka saŋa da kɛna ka ntoos kuob tiꞌak. Vɛɛnsig la paꞌal ye ba da nyɛ var. cerasiforme yʋʋm tusa pisyɔpɔi saŋa kanɛ gaad (78,000), ka tomato kanɛ ka ba yʋꞌʋn da kuod la da pinꞌil nɛ yʋʋm tusayɔpɔi banɛ gaad la saŋa (5,000 BCE), ka lɛɛ pʋ nyaŋi baŋ nyain wan wʋʋ ninsaalib da paasi tiꞌaki li bɛ.[7]

Spanish dim da mɔr tomatos nɛ kɛŋ Europe yiiga, anina ka ba mɔri maan Spanish diib. Europe zinꞌig siꞌeba ni, ba da mɔri li yiiga nɛ vɛnlim yela, bɔzugɔ ba da gɔs ka li anɛ yabid ka pʋ nar ye ba dii li.[8]

America Ninkʋda

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Yʋʋm kanɛ ka ba da tiꞌaki li ka zii kpɛꞌɛ yaani yʋꞌʋn dit, ba pʋ baŋi li an wana vikii; yʋʋm 500 BC, ba da dɛŋin kuodi li bɛ southern Mexico nɛ zinꞌig siꞌeba.[9] Pueblo buudi siꞌak ye tomato biila mɔr paŋ siig pʋʋgin. Ba bʋn bɛda, banɛ an lʋgalʋga ka pak la an saalig, linɛ ka ba tiig la an fiin la yinɛ America ninkʋda la saꞌana, ka tɔꞌɔn an tomato banɛ ka ba kuod zina la siꞌeba yaab.[10]

Aztecs buudi la da gʋꞌʋn tomatos buudi kɔnꞌɔbkɔnꞌɔb, ka bʋnwiig la ka ba buon xitomatl ka onɛ an kansir la ka ba buon tomatl (tomatillo).[11] Bernardino de Sahagún ye o nyɛ tomatos kɔnꞌɔbkɔnꞌɔb Aztec daꞌan bɛ Tenochtitlán (Mexico tɛnpʋʋgin): "tomato bibis, tomato bɛda, ntoos banɛ mɔr vaand, ntoos banɛ malis, large serpent tomatoes, banɛ wan binꞌis nɔnya", nɛ tomato banɛ mɔr kala wʋsa lin yi banɛ muoe wiig paae banɛ an dɔnbʋʋlim.[12] Sahagún paꞌal ye Aztecs dim dʋgʋd diib kɔnꞌɔbkɔnꞌɔb, ka mɔr ntoos kɔnꞌɔbkɔnꞌɔbi maan, kuosidi ba tɛnpʋʋgin daꞌan: "diib nam, diꞌtʋʋla; ... mɔr tamantoos, ... tomato bɛda laꞌad, tomato baanlig laꞌad, ..."[13]

Spanish widigir

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés da gbaꞌae Tenochtitlan yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ pisi nɛ yinnɛ la (1521) da kɛ ka nidib zamisi ba taaba malima nɛ disiꞌeba ka ba buon din ye Columbian laꞌad tiꞌasig; ba da kuod tomato Europe tɛŋin tiꞌasig nwa nyaꞌaŋ.[14] Ban da pinꞌili pianꞌad tomato yela European gbana ni yiiga da anɛ Pietro Andrea Mattioli yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ pisnaasi nɛ anaasi (1544) gbaŋ kanɛ ka o da buon herbal la. O da yel ye ba mɔr bʋnbʋtir kanɛ wan gbila paaligi kɛn Italy tɛŋin na. O da paas ye li yaꞌa biꞌig li anɛ wiig wan wʋʋ ziim nɛ bɛɛ lin on an wan wʋʋ sanlim nindaa nɛ, ka fʋ tɔnꞌɔn bʋꞌasi li ɔnbid wan wʋʋ komma nɛ—lin anɛ, ba yaꞌa dʋg ka paas yaarim, yanzʋꞌʋs, nɛ kpaam. Yʋʋm piiga nyaꞌaŋ ka Mattioli da pʋd wal la yʋꞌʋr ye pomi d'oro, bɛɛ "golden apples".[9]

Saŋkanɛ ka Spanish dim da sʋꞌʋg America la nyaꞌaŋ, Spanish dim da pʋdʋgi ba tomato tis tɛɛns banɛ ka ba da sʋꞌʋg la wʋsa. Ba da mɔri li kɛŋ Philippines, anina ka li yi kɛŋ paae southeast Asia ka yadigi paae Asia sʋꞌʋlim wʋsa.[15] Spanish dim da mɔr tomato kɛŋ Europe, anina ka tɛŋ la maꞌasim da an titua ka li da nɔbig sʋꞌʋŋa; ba da pinꞌil kuob nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ pisnaasi nam saŋa (1540s). Ba da pinꞌili diti li ban da kuodi li la nyaꞌaŋ, ka ba da pinꞌili mɔri li maan diib 17th century pinꞌilig sa Spain tɛŋin, wan wʋʋ lin sɔbi bɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyuobʋ nɛ piinɛnii (1618) diꞌema kanɛ buon La octava maravilla ka onɛ maali li an Lope de Vega ka labaar kanɛ bɛ li pʋʋgin siꞌeba an "lovelier than ... a tomato in season".[14]

China
[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Tomato da paae China sʋꞌʋlim, li tɔnꞌɔn da yinɛ Philippines bɛɛ Macau tɛɛnsin, 16th century saŋa. Ba da pʋdi li yʋꞌʋr ye 番茄 fānqié (tɛŋsiꞌa wal gbilig), wan wʋʋ Chinese dimi da pʋd diib buudi banɛ da naan tɛŋ siꞌeba paae ba tɛŋin na la, amaa ka lɛɛ anɛ kʋdʋmn sa bʋnam la.[16]

Italy
[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
Britain
[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Tamantɔos da pʋ bʋd England tɛŋ nii ti paaɛ Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnʋ nɛ piswai saŋa. Daʋ kanɛ da an yiiga da bʋd da anɛ John Gerard, ɔ da anɛ barber – surgeon. Gerard's Herbal, da yinɛ yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnʋ nɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi zinꞌis kɔnbkɔnb ka da lɛm pian tamantoos yɛla England. Gerard da mi yɛ Spain nɛ Italy dim dit tamantoos. Laꞌam nɛ wala, ɔ da mi ye li anɛ yabid. Gerard da tɔn paꞌansid nidib kɛ ka mi yɛ tamantoos pʋ nar nɛ diibɔ Yʋma bɛdigʋ Britain nɛ tɛŋ banɛ bɛ ya datiʋŋ ka America dim da nyaŋ la.[17] Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii ne pisi tamantoos da yalig zɛmaꞌsa daꞌ wʋsa ka bani mi dʋgib wʋsa da mori li, ba da piandi lɛbid ban bʋt lin maa lambakin li vɛnlim la, ka ba mɛ mɔri dʋgid tɛŋ lalli Itali bɛɛ Jewish cuisine.[18] Wɛn wɔɔ Elizabeth Blackwell A Curious Herbal, ba bʋɔn ni li nɛ ye “Love Apple (Amoris Pomum)” ban mɔri dit nɛ kpaꞌam nɛ vinegar Italy tɛŋin, li bʋʋdi wɛn wɔɔ ban dit gɔl UK siɛm la.[19] Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsyʋɔbʋ nɛ pisyʋɔbʋ nɛ atan la, The New York Times dim da paꞌal yʋꞌʋr kani an ‘Love Apple’ la gbin ka li an ye French dim pʋ yaŋi bʋɔl yʋꞌʋr la sʋm lin nar ye Itali pomo dei Mori (“the Moors' apple”) ka ba lɛɛ bʋɔn ye pomme d'amour, (“love apple”).[20]

Middle East

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

John Barker da pinꞌil tamantɔos bʋdib Middle East, ɔ da anɛ British nid kanɛ ziɛ gɔmɛna nɔbazʋg bɛ Aleppo yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsyɔpɔi nɛ piswai nɛ awai kiŋ paꞌaɛ yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisnʋ nɛ anʋ.[21][22][23] Nineteenth century ka ba da paꞌal  ye li anɛ linɛ ka ba paasi mɔri dʋgid diib. Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisnii nɛ yinɛ ba da yɛ li anɛ linɛ ka bad it “yʋma pisnaasi bani gaad”.[24]

United States

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Saŋa yiiga kanɛ ka ba tʋɔs tamantoos bʋdib yela British North America da anɛ yʋʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsyɔpɔi nɛ piiga, tinyaꞌa dʋata William Salmon da nyɛ linɛ ka zina ka ba bʋɔn ye South Carolina la,[25] Caribbean dimi da paꞌali li. 18th century tɛŋsʋk ba da bʋdi li Carolina pɔɔdin nɛ zinꞌsiɛba Southeast. Thomas Jefferson, ɔnɛ da di tamantoos Paris da mɔri li biili la lɛb America.[26] America dim siɛba da pian tamantoosi mɔri dʋgid la yɛla, laꞌam nɛ Michele Felice Corneꞌ nɛ Robbert Gibbon Johnson.[27] America dim bɛdigʋ gɔs ka tamantoos anɛ yabid saŋkan la, bɛdigʋ da bʋdnɛ ka li maal venlim ka kai diibɔ. Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi, W. H. Garrison da yɛl ye “ba da siak ya ye tamantoos kai sʋm ka li anɛ dɛŋ.” Ɔ da tinꞌisi ɔ biilimin ye ba da bʋɔn tamantoos nɛ ye “love-apples bee wolf-apples” ka zansi li ye “globes of the devil”.[28]

Saŋkanɛ ka Alexander W. Livingston (yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisi nɛ yinnɛ kiŋ paaɛ yʋm tʋsir Kɔbʋsnii nɛ piswai nɛ anii) da pinꞌli kʋɔd tamatoos bɛdigʋ la, ɔ da bɔɔdnɛ yɛ ɔ bʋd tamantoos ka li venl, ka zɛm, ka lɛm malis. Li naar wʋsa ɔ da bʋd ya ka li paaɛ wʋʋ ban bʋʋdi piinɛ ayɔpɔi.[29][30] U.S. Department of Agriculture yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋswai ne pistan nɛ ayɔpɔi gbanani da yɛl yɛ tamantoos kɔnbkɔnb la pʋsʋk yinɛ Livingston da mʋg ka paas laꞌad bɛdigʋ. Livingston tamantoos yiiga bʋʋdi da anɛ Paragon, li da sinꞌgnɛ yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisyɔpɔi. Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ anʋ la, ɔ da siꞌiŋ Acme, ka kpaadib bɛdigʋ bʋdi paaɛ yʋm pisinɛ anʋ. Tamantoos bʋʋdi banɛ da paas da anɛ Henry Tilden lowa ne Dr. Hand bɛ Baltimore.[31]

Tamantoosi bɔɔd tʋʋlig nɛ saŋa bɛdigʋ yɛ li nɔbigla, tɛns bɛdigʋ banɛ bɛ Sun Belt da kʋɔdi li, kas kas anɛ Florida nɛ California. California, banɛ bɛ lanbaadin la da kʋɔd tamantoos tisid daꞌasin nɛ banɛ sʋʋd container namin. University of California, Davis C.M. Rick Tomato Generic Resource Center da mɔr nɛ tamantoos la bʋʋdi yinnɛ.[32] Banɛ vɛɛnsid ban maan tamantoos siɛm bɛ California Tomato Research Institute Escalon, California da vɛɛsi li yela.[33] California, kpaadib kʋɔdnɛ nɛ ʋʋn kʋɔb li kas kas anɛ linɛ ka ba bʋɔn ye Early Girl tomatoes la. Kʋɔb kaŋa bʋʋdi kɛtnɛ ka li ba nyaꞌa tɛŋin paaɛ kʋɔm ziꞌik.[34]

Tiig Zamisʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Paꞌalʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Tamantoos anɛ tiig kanɛ dig tɛŋin kaba mɔr daʋgi tiɛd, ka li nɔbigir an 3m (9.8 ft); banɛ nɔbigid mɔɔgin la pʋ paad 100cm (3 ft 3 in) waꞌalim nii. Ba tɔꞌɔn vʋɛ yʋma bɛdigʋ, ba bʋd nɛ yʋꞌʋm yʋꞌʋm.[35][36]

Tamantoos anɛ tiig kanɛ mɔr vanꞌad lamꞌma ayi. Ba nɔbigidnɛ ka mɔr tiꞌla ka lɛm mɔr tiꞌl titaꞌar kanɛ nɔbigid. Li nɔꞌɔr kanɛ nɔbigid la yaꞌa ti bas nɔbigir ka li an ye ba kiꞌikɛ bɛɛ li maalnɛ pʋʋm, li na maal dʋtir ka lɛm siꞌŋ nɔbigir kilim vinɛ.[37] Tamantɔos kanɛ kaba tia nɛ daʋg wɛn wɔɔ dasaʋŋ bɛɛ pʋasadir nɛ li paꞌal ye ba mɔrnɛ zʋɔbid venla. Zʋɔbid la sʋŋidi li ka li tiꞌɛdi kilimid yaꞌa ziꞌŋ kanɛ ka li nɔbigi kiŋ siꞌis tiŋ ka li mɔr maꞌasʋg wʋsa, li kas kas anɛ lin na kiŋ tɔꞌŋnɛ li mɛŋ yaꞌa ka li saꞌam.[38] Li vaaꞌadla anɛ 10 – 25cm (4-10 in) waꞌalim ni, li nɔɔrin la wɛn wɔɔ yina nɛ, tiꞌlla nɛ vaaꞌad la wʋsa mɔr nɛ zʋɔbid.[39]

Tamantoos mɛŋi maannɛ li pʋʋm ka titꞌti li mɛŋ kʋꞌʋlʋm. Ban da mɔr tamantoos yiti li ziꞌigin la, lini da sʋŋidi maan pʋʋm la(siꞌins) da pʋ dɔl laa.[40] Lin tɔꞌɔn maali li mɛŋ kʋꞌʋlim la kɛ ka li an sʋm ka banɛ kʋɔdi li yaan la maligim bʋti li pam.[40] Nɛ kaɛ yinnɛ nɛ tiis banɛ maꞌani ba mɛŋ diib laa amaa tamantoos tɔꞌɔn maala ala. Tamantoos tɔꞌɔn maali li mɛŋ diib ka siɛl pʋ sʋŋi li la kɛ nɛ ka li bɛɛ li kɔ di yaꞌa ti paaɛ saŋa kanɛ ka sisiꞌɛm naar yɛ li daꞌaɛ ka tiis miꞌim bɛɛ cultured bumblebees.[41]

Flower banɛ yi apical meristem la. Ba mɔr zinꞌg kanɛ ka pʋʋm maan ka lɛm maali lʋs pistil la. Li anther la pɔbilnɛ wɔɔ gɔŋnɛ gilig stigma la. Li flower la anɛ 1-2cm (0.4-0.8 in) across, ka an dɔbʋꞌʋlʋg ka mɔr vaꞌad ka li tɔ zinꞌsa anʋ corolla la ni; ba bɛ nɛ cyme ka an zinꞌsa atan kiŋ paaɛ zinꞌs piinɛ ayi laꞌas taaba.[38][42]

Li wɛl la maꞌannɛ ovary la ni fertilization yaa ti naaɛ, li anɛ vɛnliŋʋ ka mɔr pɛricarp wall. Wɛla la mɔr nɛ locules, ka pʋʋgin an vɔɔgʋ ka biili pɛꞌɛl. Ba bɛ nɛ kɔꞌnbkɔꞌnb. Siɛba bɛɛ an fiꞌfiis ka mɔr locules nama ayi; bam an gbiligʋ ka mɔr locules nama atam bɛɛ anʋ; beefsteak tamantoos mɔr locʋles nam fiꞌfiis ban bɛdigʋ; nɛ plʋm tamantoos mɛ mɔr biɛlꞌla, locules fiisa mɛn.[43][44][45] Yaꞌa an bʋdib, biili la nar ye li yi wɛla banɛ gbʋꞌʋ ni, ka miꞌis biɛla ka yaꞌŋi yis gbaŋ kanɛ bɛ zʋgin la ka dɛligili ka li kʋdig yiiga ka fʋ naꞌan bʋd.[46]

Tamantoos la mɔr dɔlnɛ nɔr yinnɛ nɛ arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi wɛn wɔɔ Rhizophagus irregularis. Gbanmiidib mɔr tamantoos la ka li an linɛ ka ba vɛɛrsidi li yɛla wɛn wɔɔ symbioses.[47]

Genetics

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Tɛns kɔnꞌɔbkɔnꞌɔb vɛɛrsvɛɛrsidib laꞌasi yi tɛns piiga da siꞌiŋi tɔꞌɔŋid tamantoos nam yʋm tʋsa ayi nɛ anaasi.[48][49] Ba da dɛŋim pian tamantoos yɛla nɛ li bʋʋdi an siɛm yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ awai bʋnia wadigin.[50] Cultivar Heinz 1706 genome vʋgiri da sinꞌiŋnɛ dabis pistan nɛ yinnɛ nwadisa anʋ lani yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ piinɛ ayi.[51][52] Nanꞌnanꞌna genome sinꞌiŋnɛ yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ pisinɛ ayi mɔr 799 MB ka protein kanɛ ka ba bʋki baŋ an 34,384 ka li widigi paaɛ chromosome nam piinɛ ayi.[53]

Genetically modified food kanɛ ka ba maal yiiga kʋɔsid anɛ tamantoos ka ba bʋɔn Flavr Savr, ka ba gɔs ka li tɔn diginɛ yʋʋg.[54] Amaa li da pʋ kʋɔsi yʋʋgɛ, li da kʋɔsi kiŋ paaɛ yʋʋm tʋsir kɔbʋswai nɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi maa.[55]


Kuob

Tomato production – 2022
Producer (Millions

of tonnes)

China 68.2
India 20.7
Turkey 13.0
United States 10.2
Egypt 6.3
Mexico 4.2
World 186.2
yiya: FAOSTAT United Nations[56]

Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi nɛ ayi ni (2022), tomatos da maal dunia wʋsa nɛ 186 million tonnes, ka linɛ da yi China an pistanꞌ nɛ ayɔpɔi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (37%), ka banɛ dɔl nyaꞌaŋ an India, Turkey, nɛ United States ban mɛ an banɛ tiꞌali bɛ tabul la zugin).[56] Dunia wʋsa da nɔk 4.8 million hectares yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛ yi (2012) tis tomato kuob ka lin da an siꞌem an 161.8 million tonnes.[57] Pɔɔg wʋsa da maal tomatos wʋʋ 33.6 tonnes eka yinnɛ pʋʋgin yʋʋm tusir nɛ piinɛ yi ni (2012).[57] Tomato pɔɔd banɛ bɛ Netherlands tɛŋin da maali gaadi ba taaba bɛ yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛyi ni (2012), ka tɛŋ kan ni da an wan wʋʋ 476 tonnes eka wʋsa pʋʋgin, ka banɛ da dɔl nyaꞌaŋ an Belgium (463 tonnes eka yinnɛ pʋʋgin) nɛ Iceland (429 tonnes eka yinnɛ wʋsa pʋʋgin).[58]

Bʋnvʋya nɛ banꞌas

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Bʋnvʋya

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Bʋnvʋya banɛ sanꞌamid tomato siꞌeba anɛ tomato bug, stink bugs, cutworms, tomato hornworms nɛ tobacco hornworms, aphids, cabbage loopers, whiteflies, tomato fruitworms, flea beetles, red spider mite, Tuta absoluta (tomato leafminer), slugs,[59] nɛ Colorado potato beetles. Bʋnvʋya banɛ sanꞌamidi ba gbana la, Aculops lycopersici, dit bʋʋlim nɛ wala banɛ an baanlig la, kɛt ka vaand la gbiribid, ka sanꞌamid puum la nɛ wal la, hali ka tɔꞌɔe kʋ bʋnbʋtir la.[60]

Bʋnvʋya yaꞌa daam tomato tiig la li na maal bʋnlinɛ buon systemin, linɛ guꞌudi li ka bʋnkɔnbid pʋ tɔnꞌɔe sanꞌamidi lii. Nwaꞌ kɛt ka li nyɛt guꞌud, bʋnlinɛ guꞌud ka bʋnvʋya pʋ sanꞌamidi lii. Ba da nyɛ guꞌud kaŋa yiiga bɛnɛ tomatoes ni.[61]

Banꞌas

Tomato buudi bɛ kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb kati waꞌae ban na nyaŋi guꞌ banꞌas yela. Nannanna ka ba bɔɔd siꞌem anɛ ba paae buudi banɛ guꞌud banꞌas bɛdigʋ. Tomato banꞌas yinnɛ anɛ tobacco mosaic virus. Sigaar zanlim nɛ taba laꞌad tɔnꞌɔe pʋdig banꞌas la tis tomato bʋnbʋtir la.[62] Wibɛꞌɛd hali anɛ curly top, ka bʋnlinɛ ziidi li an beet leafhopper, linɛ sanꞌamidi li nɔbigir. Wan wʋʋ yʋꞌʋr la an siꞌem la, li kɛt ka ba vaand banɛ bɛ agɔl la gbiribid ka pʋ nɔbigid titua nɛ.[63] Bacterial wilt mɛ anɛ banꞌas kanɛ ka o yela pak hali linɛ kɛt ka ba pʋ wan titua nɛ.[64] Wang et al., 2019 da nyɛ bʋnlinɛ kʋʋd bʋnvʋya ye li sʋŋi sanꞌam bʋnvʋya la paŋ, sansiꞌeba anɛ li siꞌe bʋnvʋya la paŋ ka sansiꞌeba ka ba nyaŋi gaŋ banɛ tɔnꞌe wiim ka lɛɛ pʋ nɔbigid tɔꞌɔtɔꞌɔ.[64]

Diib

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Diib maalig

Tomatoes, ban malis ka lɛn an tɔlim-tɔlim la, ba mɔri li bɛ Mediterranean zinꞌis ni paasidi maan pizza nɛ pasta diib.[65] Ba mɔr tomatoes maan siꞌelnam bɛdigʋ bɛ Spanish gazpacho[66] nɛ Catalan pa amb tomàquet.[67] Tomato anɛ bʋnlinɛ paas Middle East diib zinꞌis ni, ka ba dit nɛ salads (wan wʋʋ, Arab salad, Israeli salad, Shirazi salad nɛ Turkish salad), ka ba paasi li niꞌimini sɛnꞌɛd nɛ disiꞌeba ni.[68]

Tomatoes paas Indian diib dʋgʋb pʋʋgin Europeans dimi da mɔri li kɛna la.[69] Kashmiri diib, rogan josh, mɔr tomato li pʋʋgin; ba da ɛɛti nɔk nɛ nanzʋꞌʋ wiigi[70] gɛndig ka li muoe, ka tomatoes paas Punjabi diib maalig pʋʋgin.[71] British diib kanɛ ka ba buon tikka masala titaꞌam mɔr tomato nɛ cream li pʋʋgin.[72]

Sʋab

Tomatos bɔɔdim anɛ fʋ na pʋ pie li ka nɔki li digil zinꞌig kanɛ ka waad nɛ tʋʋlig siꞌal ka nintaŋ pʋ paad anina, ka li pʋ bɔɔd firig pʋʋginɛ.[73][74] fʋ yaꞌa pʋoe li nɛ daag la digil kɛt ka li nyaŋidi yʋʋgid.[75] Fʋ tɔꞌɔn digil tomatoes kanɛ pʋ biꞌigɛ pɛpa baagi pʋʋgin ka li biꞌig.[76] Ba tɔꞌɔn sʋꞌa tomatoes ka li yuugi bɛ kʋnkɔŋin, firig pʋʋgin, dɛligir, bɛɛ fʋn na dʋg ka li kilim ganꞌalig.[77]

Nutrition

Red tomatoes, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 74 kJ (18 kcal)
Carbohydrates 3.9 g
Sugars 2.6 g
Dietary fiber 1.2 g
Fat 0.2 g
Protein 0.9 g
show

Vitamins and minerals

Other constituents Quantity
Kuom 94.5 g
Lycopene 2573 μg
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[78] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[79]

Tomato kanɛ an kansir mɔr kuom piswai nɛ anu, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (95%), paŋ kanɛ bɛ li pʋʋgin an anaasi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (4%), ka kpaam nɛ linɛ ka ba buon naꞌasaalin ye protein mɛ an 1%.[80]

Laafi yela

Lʋgir kanɛ gɔsid diib nɛ laafi yela ka ba buoni ba US Food and Drug Administration siꞌak ye vɛɛnsig biꞌela bɛ paꞌal ye diib banɛ ka ba nɔk tomato maal siꞌed dindiig banꞌas la.[81]

Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  1. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "tomato". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  2. ↑ Sabine, Joseph (1820). "On the Love Apple or Tomato". Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. 3: 343 f.
  3. ↑ "English definition of 'tomato'". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Cambridge University Press. 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  4. ↑ "Let's Call The Whole Thing Off: Song by Ella Fitzgerald". Google. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  5. ↑ Lin, Tao; Zhu, Guangtao; Zhang, Junhong; Xu, Xiangyang; Yu, Qinghui; et al. (12 October 2014). "Genomic analyses provide insights into the history of tomato breeding". Nature Genetics. 46 (11): 1220–1226. doi:10.1038/ng.3117. PMID 25305757.
  6. ↑ Estabrook, Barry (22 July 2015). "Why Is This Wild, Pea-Sized Tomato So Important?". Smithsonian Journeys Quarterly. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  7. ↑ Razifard, Hamid; et al. (2020). "Genomic evidence for complex domestication history of the cultivated tomato in Latin America" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 37 (4): 1118–1132. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz297. PMC 7086179. PMID 31912142.
  8. ↑ "Tomato". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  9. 1 2 Smith 1994, p. 13.
  10. ↑ Smith 1994, p. 15.
  11. ↑ Townsend, Richard F. (2000). The Aztecs. Thames and Hudson. pp. 180–181.
  12. ↑ Silvertown, J. (2017). Vegetables—Variety. Dinner with Darwin: Food, drink, and evolution. University of Chicago Press. p. 102.
  13. ↑ Coe, Sophie D. (2015) [1994]. America's First Cuisines. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 108–118. ISBN 978-1477309711.
  14. 1 2 López-Terrada, Maríaluz. "The History of the Arrival of the Tomato in Europe: An Initial Overview" (PDF). Traditom. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  15. ↑ Hancock, James F. (2022). "Dispersal of New World Crops into the Old World". World Agriculture Before and After 1492. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 111–133. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15523-9_9. ISBN 978-3-031-15522-2.
  16. ↑ Kiple, Kenneth F.; Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè (2000). The Cambridge World History of Food. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-521-40214-9.
  17. ↑ Smith 1994, p. 17.
  18. ↑ "Love-apple, or Tomato Berry.-Love apples are now to be seen in great abundance at all our vegetable markets". The Times. 22 September 1820. p. 3.
  19. ↑ Blackwell, Elizabeth (1737). A curious herbal: containing five hundred cuts, of the most useful plants, which are now used in the practice of physick: engraved on folio copper plates, after drawings taken from life (PDF). p. 342 (plate 133). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2023.
  20. ↑ Alma, C. M. (7 April 1963). "Aztecs' Tomatl is the Modern Tomato: From Spain to Italy on a Bush". The New York Times. ProQuest 116565156 – via Proquest.
  21. ↑ Bergougnoux, Véronique (2014). "The history of tomato: from domestication to biopharming". Biotechnology Advances. 32 (1): 170–189. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.003. PMID 24211472.
  22. ↑ "British Consuls in Aleppo". Yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
  23. ↑ "Syria under the last five Turkish Sultans". Appletons' Journal. Vol. 1. D. Appleton and Co. 1876. p. 519.
  24. ↑ "Natural History, Science, &c". The Friend. 54: 223. 1881.
  25. ↑ Smith 1994, p. 25.
  26. ↑ Smith 1994, p. 28.
  27. ↑ McCue, George Allen (November 1952). "The History of the Use of the Tomato: An Annotated Bibliography". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 39 (4). Missouri Botanical Garden Press: 336–338. Bibcode:1952AnMBG..39..289M. doi:10.2307/2399094. JSTOR 2399094.
  28. ↑ Harrald, Chris; Watkins, Fletcher (2010). The cigarette book: the history and culture of smoking. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 185.
  29. ↑ Smith 1994, p. 152.
  30. ↑ "Tomatoes". AgMRC. March 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  31. ↑ Boswell, Victor R. "Improvement and Genetics of Tomatoes, Peppers, and Eggplant," Yearbook of Agriculture, 1937, p. 179. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed 25 May 2018/
  32. ↑ "C. M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center". University of California, Davis. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
  33. ↑ California Tomato Research Institute. tomatonet.org
  34. ↑ Kornei, Katherine (9 March 2023). "Dry farming could help agriculture in the western U.S. amid climate change". Science News. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  35. ↑ "Solanum lycopersicum". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  36. ↑ "Solanum lycopersicon L." SEINet. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  37. ↑ Peet, M. "Crop Profiles – Tomato". Archived from the original on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
  38. 1 2 "Solanum lycopersicum". Singapore National Parks. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  39. ↑ "Solanum lycopersicum". North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  40. 1 2 Sharma, V. P. (2012). Nature at Work – the Ongoing Saga of Evolution. Springer. p. 41. ISBN 978-81-8489-991-7.
  41. ↑ Frankie, Gordon; Thorp, Robbin; Coville, Rollin; barbara, Ertter; California Native Plant Society (2014). California bees & blooms: a guide for gardeners and naturalists. Berkeley, CA: Heydey. ISBN 9781597142946.
  42. ↑ "Solanum lycopersicum: tomato". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  43. ↑ Muños, Stéphane; Ranc, Nicolas; Botton, Emmanuel; Bérard, Aurélie; Rolland, Sophie; et al. (1 August 2011). "Increase in Tomato Locule Number Is Controlled by Two Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Located Near WUSCHEL". Plant Physiology. 156 (4): 2244–2254. doi:10.1104/pp.111.173997. PMC 3149950. PMID 21673133.
  44. ↑ "Selecting Tomatoes for the Home Garden". University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  45. ↑ Lee, Eunkyung; Sargent, Steven A.; Huber, Donald J. (2007). "Physiological Changes in Roma-type Tomato Induced by Mechanical Stress at Several Ripeness Stages". HortScience. 42 (5): 1237–1242. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1237.
  46. ↑ "How to save tomato seed". gardenersworld.com. Gardeners' World Magazine. 24 March 2019. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  47. ↑ Buendia, Luis; Wang, Tongming; Girardin, Ariane; Lefebvre, Benoit (April 2016). "The LysM receptor-like kinase Sl LYK 10 regulates the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in tomato". New Phytologist. 210 (1): 184–195. Bibcode:2016NewPh.210..184B. doi:10.1111/nph.13753. PMID 26612325.
  48. ↑ Mueller, L. "International Tomato Genome Sequencing Project". Sol Genomics Network. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  49. ↑ Ramanujan, K. (30 January 2007). "Tomato genome project gets $1.8M". News.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
  50. ↑ "Tomato Genome Shotgun Sequence Prerelease".
  51. ↑ Sato, S.; Tabata, S.; Hirakawa, H.; Asamizu, E.; Shirasawa, K.; et al. (2012). "The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution". Nature. 485 (7400): 635–641. Bibcode:2012Natur.485..635T. doi:10.1038/nature11119. PMC 3378239. PMID 22660326.
  52. ↑ "Tomato genome is sequenced for the first time". R&D. 1 June 2012. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012.
  53. ↑ Su, Xiao; Wang, Baoan; Geng, Xiaolin; Du, Yuefan; Yang, Qinqin; et al. (15 December 2021). "A high-continuity and annotated tomato reference genome". BMC Genomics. 22 (1): 898. doi:10.1186/s12864-021-08212-x. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 8672587. PMID 34911432.
  54. ↑ Redenbaugh, K.; Hiatt, B.; Martineau, B.; Kramer, M.; Sheehy, R.; et al. (1992). Safety Assessment of Genetically Engineered Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study of the Flavr Savr Tomato. CRC Press. p. 288.
  55. ↑ Bruening, G.; Lyons, J.M. (2000). "The case of the FLAVR SAVR tomato". California Agriculture. 54 (4). University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources: 6–7. doi:10.3733/ca.v054n04p6 (inactive 1 November 2024).
  56. 1 2 "Tomato production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  57. 1 2 "FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2012 data". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2014. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
  58. ↑ "FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2012 data", Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, August 2014
  59. ↑ Hahn, J.; Fetzer, J. (2009). "Slugs in Home Gardens". University of Minnesota Extension. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  60. ↑ "Aculops lycopersici (tomato russet mite)". Wallingford, UK: Invasive Species Compendium, Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  61. ↑ Narvaez-Vasquez, J.; Orozco-Cardenas, M. L. (2008). "15 Systemins and AtPeps: Defense-related Peptide Signals". In Schaller, A. (ed.). Induced Plant Resistance to Herbivory. ISBN 978-1-4020-8181-1.
  62. ↑ Pfleger, F. L.; Zeyen, R. J. (2008). "Tomato-Tobacco Mosaic Virus Disease". University of Minnesota Extension. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  63. ↑ Goldberg, N. P. "Curly Top Virus: Guide H-106". College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. New Mexico State University. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  64. 1 2 Fitzpatrick, Connor R.; Salas-González, Isai; Conway, Jonathan M.; Finkel, Omri M.; Gilbert, Sarah; Russ, Dor; Teixeira, Paulo José Pereira Lima; Dangl, Jeffery L. (8 September 2020). "The Plant Microbiome: From Ecology to Reductionism and Beyond". Annual Review of Microbiology. 74 (1). Annual Reviews: 81–100. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-022620-014327. ISSN 0066-4227. OSTI 1802632. PMID 32530732. S2CID 219621296.
  65. ↑ Fleming, Amy (9 April 2013). "Umami: why the fifth taste is so important". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  66. ↑ "gazpacho". Royal Spanish Academy.
  67. ↑ "Pa Amb Tomàquet (Catalan Tomato Bread)". Food & Wine. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  68. ↑ Beyer, Greg (7 April 2024). "The History of the Tomato: The Fruit that Spread Round the World". The Collector. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  69. ↑ Collingham 2006, p. 165.
  70. ↑ Singh, Dharamjit (1973). Indian Cookery. Penguin. p. 21,58. ISBN 978-0140461411.
  71. ↑ Bhangal, Jasprit (2013). Indian Cooking with Four Ingredients. Troubador. p. 101. ISBN 9781780884868.
  72. ↑ Collingham 2006, pp. 1–11.
  73. ↑ Parnell, Tracy L.; Suslow, Trevor V.; Harris, Linda J. (March 2004). "Tomatoes:Safe Methods to Store, Preserve, and Enjoy" (PDF). ANR Catalog. University of California: Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  74. ↑ "Selecting, Storing and Serving Ohio Tomatoes, HYG-5532-93" (PDF). Ohio State University. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
  75. ↑ How To Cook. Cooks Illustrated (1 July 2008). Retrieved on 5 September 2013.
  76. ↑ "Vegetables". Canadian Produce Marketing Association Website. Canadian Produce Marketing Association. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  77. ↑ Watson, Molly (26 July 2024). "How To Preserve Tomatoes: Canning, Drying, and Freezing Tomatoes With Ease". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  78. ↑ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  79. ↑ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report".. p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101-124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
  80. ↑ Kavanaugh CJ, Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC (July 2007). "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review for qualified health claims: tomatoes, lycopene, and cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 99 (14): 1074–85. doi:10.1093/jnci/djm037. PMID 17623802.
  81. ↑ European Food Safety Authority (2011). "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to lycopene and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 1608, 1609, 1611, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1899, 1942, 2081, 2082, 2142, 2374), protection of the skin from UV-induced (including photo-oxidative) damage (ID 1259, 1607, 1665, 2143, 2262, 2373), contribution to normal cardiac function (ID 1610, 2372), and maintenance of normal vision (ID 1827) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006". EFSA Journal. 9 (4): 2031. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2031.
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