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Is there a way to calculate the volume of these different regions without making the algebra ?

{{RGBColor[1, 0, 0], ClipPlanes -> {InfinitePlane[{{0, 0, -0.0664608}, {0, 1, -0.0664608}, {1, 1, -0.0664608}}]}, Opacity[0.5], Sphere[{0, 0, 0}, 0.986202]}, {RGBColor[0, 0, 1], ClipPlanes -> {InfinitePlane[{{0, 1, -0.0664608}, {0, 0, -0.0664608}, {1, 1, -0.0664608}}]}, Opacity[0.5], Sphere[{0, 0, 0.831202}, 1.33191]}, {RGBColor[0, 0, 1], ClipPlanes -> {InfinitePlane[{{0, 0, -0.0664608}, {0, 1, -0.0664608}, {1, 1, -0.0664608}}]}, Opacity[0.5], Sphere[{0, 0, 0.677365}, 1.23347]}}

I'm using this in a Graphics3D.

More generally, I'd like to enter into Graphics3D what I want and to get the volume without entering into complicated trigonometry. I tried to use Volume[] but I did not manage to go from this description of the region to something that fits Volume[]

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Graphics primitives you use in Graphics3D also work with regions - read about those in docs, there many helpful functions. For example, your case something as simple as this works:

Volume[RegionUnion[ Ball[{0,0,0},0.986202], Ball[{0,0,0.831202},1.33191], Ball[{0,0,0.677365},1.23347] ]]

11.0001

and no need for ClipPlanes because ClipPlanes takes care not counting duplicate volume. Note, Sphere does not have a volume, it is a shell, so use Ball.

But I see you got actually one region inside 2 others. So, did you mean to cut out that one? In this case, you could do something like this (note, just for the fun of it I am sowing symbolic power of regions):

symReg=Rationalize[{ Ball[{0,0,0},0.986202], Ball[{0,0,0.831202},1.33191], Ball[{0,0,0.677365},1.23347]}] Out[]= {Ball[{0,0,0},493101/500000], Ball[{0,0,415601/500000},133191/100000], Ball[{0,0,135473/200000},123347/100000]} Volume[RegionUnion[symReg[[;;2]]]]-Volume[RegionUnion[symReg[[3]]]]

$$\frac{207637012757096261485097 \pi }{207800500000000000000000}$$

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