Languages

This essay re-examines the question of Being by interrogating the linguistic structures through which it is posed. While Heidegger famously reopens the question and embraces its apparent circularity as a necessary condition of inquiry, insufficient attention has been given to the role language itself plays in shaping that circularity. In particular, the definite article—seemingly insignificant—functions as a micro-ontological operator, introducing unity, stability, and referability prior to reflection. The phrase “the Being” thus risks presupposing the very coherence it seeks to uncover. (...) Building from this insight, the essay argues that not all linguistic elements are ontologically neutral; certain structures carry disproportionate weight in determining what can appear as meaningful. The term “Being,” further, is shown to compress distinct dimensions of identity and process into a single form, encouraging the treatment of dynamic relational emergence as if it were a stable entity. These effects are not merely semantic but structural, shaping the field within which intuition and interpretation operate. In response, the essay situates Being within a broader framework of relational emergence, drawing on the concept of Phainesis as the appearing of reality without fixed ground. From this perspective, what has traditionally been called Being may be better understood as a recurring relational constant—a pattern of persistence under the condition of possible non-being—rather than a singular ontological ground. The definite article, in turn, is revealed as a mechanism of premature closure, transforming distributed relational processes into unified referents. The task is therefore not to abandon language, nor to eliminate the term “Being,” but to recognize and discipline the ontological load carried by linguistic forms. By exposing how language both discloses and constrains, this essay seeks to prevent the reintroduction of closure into an ontology committed to openness, relationality, and ongoing emergence. (shrink)

Using the Hindi-Urdu discourse particle 'lo' as a case study, the present paper models mirativity within the Table model framework (Farkas & Roelofsen, 2017). This comes with an enrichment of the Table model; we propose the discourse structure to encode, in addition to discourse commitments, the time these commitments are publicized. We also incorporate a component that contains the public record of private beliefs. With these two additions, we seek to capture mirativity in the Table model, emphasizing recency as a (...) condition for surprise and underlining the need and the conceptual difficulty of incorporating private beliefs in a public scoreboard of conversation. We show that the difficulty can be overcome to fulfill the modeling need. (shrink)

Retomamos as questões propostas no âmbito do simpósio Imbricações materiais nas tecnologias em que esta reflexão se iniciou: De que modo o encontro de diferentes imbricações materiais com diferentes tecnologias de linguagem produz efeitos sobre o funcionamento do discurso? Como esse encontro participa dos processos de constituição, formulação e circulação de sentidos? Como descrever e interpretar a imbricação de diferentes tecnologias de linguagem em suas especificidades? Quais processos de identificação são engendrados a partir do funcionamento tecnológico-discursivo? Quais diferenças os espaços (...) digitais apresentam frente a outras formas de tecnologia? Como podemos compreender, discursivamente, o “digital” ou os “espaços digitais” na atualidade? De que formas o digital afeta a montagem de arquivos? A temática Imbricações materiais nas tecnologias formula propositalmente o plural: tecnologias. Um plural que aponta para outras pluralidades: dos conceitos possíveis para tecnologias e suas especificidades e das formas de analisá-las. Esse plural, quando conjugado ao outro plural — imbricações materiais —, produz um jogo interessante para se pensar a heterogeneidade e a diferença que a relação entre esses elementos significantes pode produzir. “Formular é dar corpo aos sentidos [...] pela e na linguagem, que se inscreve na história para significar, tem seu corpo atado ao corpo dos sentidos”, afirma Orlandi (2005, p. 9). Problematizar as diferentes tecnologias (d)e linguagem e as diferentes imbricações materiais, a partir das diversas abordagens apresentadas no simpósio Imbricações materiais nas tecnologias, é o nosso desafio nesta reflexão. (shrink)

Existence and Time: Philosophical and Scientific Inquiry is an interdisciplinary philosophical work that integrates ontology, philosophy of time, and contemporary science in order to address the classical questions: Who are we? Where do we come from? Why are we here? and Where are we going? The book argues that philosophical inquiry can no longer rely exclusively on deductive reasoning or abstract metaphysics, but must be grounded in the advances of modern science. Drawing from physics (relativity, cosmology, thermodynamics), evolutionary biology (Darwinian (...) evolution, genetics, DNA), neuroscience, psychology, anthropology, and social theory, the manuscript develops a comprehensive ontological framework in which existence, time, and belonging are inseparable dimensions of human reality. A central thesis of the book is that human thought has historically oscillated between two major conceptions of time: 1. Cyclical and/or repeatable time, associated with essentialism, stability, and universal order. 2. Directional and irreversible time, associated with finitude, evolution, historical change, and existential anxiety. While much of philosophical tradition has privileged cyclical time and essentialist metaphysics, and modern existentialism has emphasized irreversibility and anxiety, this work proposes that human existence unfolds simultaneously within both temporal structures. At the core of this synthesis lies the concept of belonging. Human beings are biologically and evolutionarily structured to belong: to close others, to the social group, and to the biological and material universe that surrounds them. Belonging is not merely emotional or social; it is an ontological and evolutionary condition for the development of consciousness, meaning, and psychological stability. Existential anxiety, often treated as an unavoidable feature of human finitude, is here analyzed as historically intensified under specific cultural and institutional conditions that weaken belonging. The book therefore reframes existential ontology by situating individuality, temporality, and mortality within a broader relational structure grounded in evolutionary science. Ultimately, existence is inseparable from time, and time is inseparable from belonging. Human beings exist simultaneously in a directional temporal flow that leads to death and in a cyclical relational structure that connects them to the continuity of life and the cosmos. This work offers a systematic reconstruction of ontology in light of contemporary science and proposes belonging as a foundational category for understanding human existence. (shrink)

ESUMO: Este artigo propõe analisar a problemática da reprodução, do com- partilhamento e do acesso livre a obras protegidas por direitos autorais em espaços digitais, tomando como eixo central a disputa jurídica entre Internet Archive e Hachette. A partir desse caso emblemático, examinaremos diferentes materiais que apontam para uma certa regularidade dessa problemática na sua tensão entre o direito de propriedade e o direito ao conhecimento, ao acesso e à informação. Interessa-nos compreender como esses espaços digitais, por meio de seus (...) dispositivos técnicos e políticos, mobilizam projetos que tensionam os regimes hegemônicos de circulação e arquivamento de textos, regimes tradicio- nalmente sustentados por editoras, bibliotecas e outros atores institucionais. Além disso, exploraremos como esses espaços constroem, em sua dispersão de proposições e a partir dessas disputas, experiências que permitem não apenas a negação, a revisão, ou a reinterpretação de normativas tradicionais na relação com o direito à propriedade, ou o direito ao conhecimento, mas também na re- lação com experimentações que projetam espaços digitais como horizonte de produção do comum. Palavras-chave: direitos autorais; acesso aberto; propriedade intelectual; Inter- net Archive; #conhecimentoédireito. ABSTRACT: This article aims to analyze the issues surrounding the reproduction, sharing, and free access to copyrighted works in digital spaces, taking as its central focus the legal dispute between the Internet Archive and Hachette. Through this emblematic case, we will examine different materials that point to a certain regularity in this problem, situated in the tension between property rights and the rights to knowledge, access, and information. We are interested in understanding how these digital spaces, through their technical and political mechanisms, mobilize projects that challenge hegemonic regimes of text circulation and archiving — regimes traditionally upheld by publishers, libraries, and other institutional actors. Furthermore, we will explore how these spaces, in their diversity of propositions and through these disputes, construct experiences that not only allow for the denial, revision, or reinterpretation of traditional norms concerning property rights or the right to knowledge but also engage with experimental practices that position the digital as a horizon for the production of the commons. KEYWORDS: Copyright; Open Access; Intellectual Property; Internet Archive; #KnowledgeIsARight. (shrink)

Binding is the physical regime in which a system’s own internal restoring dynamics become the dominant cause of its present state. When internal recurrence exceeds external disruption, the system begins to determine its next state through its own prior activity rather than through the forces around it. This marks the emergence of an interior, a region whose fluctuations carry information about the system’s persistence instead of environmental noise. -/- The transition is defined by a measurable threshold given by τ_self⁻¹ ≥ (...) κ Γ_disruption. -/- Once this threshold is crossed, a boundary becomes a source of self reference. Lipid vesicles hold their form long enough for gradients to appear. Phonological categories persist as stable patterns in articulatory and acoustic space. Conscious unity arises when neural recurrence sustains a single global state that can stabilize itself through time. -/- Binding links the origin of life, the structure of language, and the presence of experience through one physical principle. It describes how interiors appear in matter and how meaning and awareness grow from the same foundational act of persistence. (shrink)

In this article, we examine the outcomes of revising the philosophy governing the development approaches of large language models and deep learning neural network systems. This revision will be accompanied by proposing an alternative philosophy and approach.

This study undertakes a philosophical examination of the nature and function of names within the broader ontology of identity. It seeks to discern whether a name possesses any intrinsic power to confer identity upon a being, or whether it merely participates in the cluster of descriptions belonging to that being. Through an analytical engagement with the historical lineage of name theory, this inquiry traces the persistent tension between naturalism and conventionalism, between descriptive and causal accounts of reference. The paper argues (...) that the true ground of identification lies neither in the arbitrary sound of a name nor in the historical chain of its transmission, but within the totality of descriptive attributes that constitute the being’s cluster. In this light, names are revealed as instruments of reference rather than bearers of essence, their authority deriving from the living nexus of properties and relations that endow an entity with its distinct intelligibility. Thus, the investigation advances an ontological account in which naming is seen not as the origin of identity, but as its linguistic reflection within the order of being. (shrink)

This study investigates a novel approach to speed reading by removing spaces between letters in English text. Using a combination of NLP-based word segmentation and human reading simulations, we examine whether continuous text impairs comprehension or enhances reading speed. Results from 100 sentences indicate that fluent readers can accurately segment text without spaces, achieving reading speeds comparable to or faster than standard spaced text. The findings suggest that spacing is not strictly necessary for comprehension and that predictive processing allows both (...) machines and humans to parse continuous text efficiently. (shrink)

When is linguistic communication successful? I address this question from the perspective of a theoretical framework that integrates Lewis’s theory of coordination and convention, Dretske’s theory of information, and Skyrms’s evolutionary analysis of communication. I argue that within this framework, the transmission of information is sufficient for communicative success. I also argue that Cumming’s “alignment” condition is too strong, while my proposed condition for successful communication fits well with various theories of linguistic and mental content. Finally, I defend my proposal (...) against a well-known argument by Loar, which seems to show that information transmission does not always ensure successful communication. (shrink)

The widespread use of English in the field of philosophy facilitates international collaboration but may also pose significant challenges in understanding, analyzing, or producing information for both native (NES) and non-native English speakers (NNES). These challenges have not yet been systematically investigated. We conducted an international survey of philosophers (N = 1,615), comparing NES and NNES, while controlling for their academic position (e.g., student, staff, etc.) and other relevant variables. Responses indicated that NNES needed up to twice as long as (...) NES to read English articles and nearly twice as long to prepare English presentations. Additionally, even NNES with the highest English proficiency reported significantly more English manuscript rejections, greater avoidance of attending or asking questions at philosophy events in English, and more frequent feelings of ridicule for their English use. No statistically significant difference was observed in the reported time required to complete an English draft, but NNES tended to report shorter times, possibly reflecting greater reliance on external assistance to detect linguistic errors. Finally, while extensive use of English may help NNES overcome difficulties with English, 88% of NNES respondents reported that it also reduced their ability to discuss philosophy in their native language. This study provides the first systematic, quantitative evidence of English-related epistemic challenges that many NNES may face in philosophy, highlighting significant linguistic inequities. (shrink)

Por um lado, dentre os que pesquisam o discurso, nem todos se aventuram nas malhas discursivas da ideologia jurídica, apesar de ela afetar, de modo dominante, os discursos nas condições de nossa formação social (e isso não significa que haveria sempre, em cada análise, uma remissão analítica ao funcionamento do jurídico, mas, trata-se, antes, de pressupô-lo). Mais ainda, compreender o jurídico na constituição ideológica do Capitalismo (em suas distintas condições) diz respeito ao próprio modo como a teoria discursiva se formulou. (...) De outro lado, as teorias críticas do Direito raramente olham para o funcionamento específico da linguagem e as consequências para o aparato teórico, para a própria crítica do direito e a compreensão de seu funcionamento contraditório nas relações sociais enquanto relações de sentido. A realização da ideologia jurídica no cotidiano das linguagens mostra formas de reprodução e transformação que, por ainda não terem forças para tocarem relações estruturais, não são visíveis na teoria que privilegia os elementos dominantes em sua análise, isto é, tais teorias críticas do marxismo raramente olham para o modo contraditório e paradoxal que a ideologia jurídica se materializa na relação com sentidos não esperados naquele lugar e seus respectivos deslocamentos. Analisar a linguagem traz um importante modo de compreender a própria constituição do sujeito de direito. (shrink)

In 1921, John Wisdom (1904–1993) became a member of Fitzwilliam House, Cambridge, where he read philosophy and attended lectures by G. E. Moore, C. D. Broad, and J. E. McTaggart. He received his BA in 1924, after which he worked for five years at the National Institute of Industrial Psychology. From 1929 to 1934, Wisdom was a Lecturer in the department of logic and metaphysics at the University of St Andrews and a colleague of G. F. Stout. After the publication (...) of his book Interpretation and Analysis (1931) and five articles on “Logical Constructions” in Mind (1931–3), Wisdom became a Lecturer in Moral Sciences in Cambridge and a Fellow of Trinity College. This gave him the opportunity to gain first-hand knowledge of Wittgenstein’s philosophy. Since nothing by Wittgenstein but Tractatus appeared in print for decades, Wisdom’s publications of these years were—mistakenly—read as portents of the new ideas of Wittgenstein himself. The publication of Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations in 1953 brought with it, among other things, the fall of Wisdom’s popularity. (shrink)

Abstract:This article presents the course of the research group The discourse at the frontiers of the social: different signifying materialities and language technologies. In about 20 years, the group has discussed 'the social' in its constitutive differences as a commonthread, working on the theme of the resistance of subjects from various symbolic objects. From the perspective of Materialist Discourse Analysis, here we emphasize analyses that spotlight confronting meanings in our society, in coercive practices often normalized as necessary, marked by force (...) relations that do not always show their symbolic violence. Keywords: signifying materialities; symbolic resistance; discursive confrontations. -/- Este artigo apresenta o percurso do grupo de pesquisa O discurso nas fronteiras do social: diferentes materialidades significantes e tecnologias de linguagem. Num trajeto de quase 20 anos, o grupo tem como fio condutor a discussão do social em suas diferenças constitutivas, trabalhando a resistência do sujeito em objetos simbólicos diversos. Sob a perspectiva da Análise do Discurso Materialista, damos especial relevo, aqui, a análises que dão visibilidade a sentidos em confronto em nossa sociedade, em práticas coercitivas muitas vezes normalizadas como necessárias, marcadas por relações de força que nem sempre se mostram em sua violência simbólica. Palavras-chave:materialidades significantes; resistência simbólica; confrontos discursivos. (shrink)

Teremos como horizonte perguntas feitas por Lagazzi-Rodrigues (2006), ao propor o trabalho mais amplo com a autoria: 1) A textualização com linguagens não verbais requer procedimentos específicos na prática da autoria?; 2) O que significa buscar condições para a prática da autoria em espaços institucionais diferentes da escola? Quais as consequências de se pensar a autoria fora dessas fronteiras já legitimadas? Nas três seções desta unidade, você terá contato com formas de analisar o texto, a constituição de regiões de sentido (...) pela determinação das formações discursivas e das posições-sujeito, a autoria em diferentes práticas institucionais e não institucionais, o discurso constituído por distintas vozes e a composição material de diferentes materialidades discursivas. (shrink)

Pádraig Pearse, the Irish revolutionary leader of 1916 declared “Tír gan teanga, tír gan anam,” which translates “A country without its language is a country without a soul”. Certainly, by 1916 Ireland was a country that had lost its sense of self. Although acts of rebellion ultimately resulted in an independent state for roughly three-quarters of the island, much of what was hoped would be restored fell by the wayside. The reasons for Ireland’s predicaments are, of course, historical. The sins (...) of colonialism reach into contemporary Ireland still. What Ireland has become is an imitator of trends, as opposed to a nation certain of itself and its defining characteristics, and what Pearse described as the country’s soul remains lost. This sense of loss predominates in us as a people since residing in Ireland’s language Gaeilge (Irish) lies much of our heritage and yet it’s a language most of us don’t know. Meaning the language is at the periphery of a nation dislocated from itself. Here, we discuss how the Irish language can help move us toward a psychologically healthier, culturally richer and more caring society, and in the process end the alienation of a nation. (shrink)

This paper discusses homologies in thought from Johann Wolfgang Goethe to Wilhelm von Humboldt. My aim is to show how similarities in thought between them are not mere coincidences but arise from Goethe’s immediate influence on Humboldt. The paper discusses Goethe’s methodological concept of Urform, and in particular examines his idea of Urpflanze in his botanical studies, as well as the nature of the relationship between Goethe and Humboldt. It examines Humboldt’s form of language and presents homologies in thought from (...) Goethe to Humboldt by performing an analysis of Humboldt’s methodological approaches to his objects of study. It shows how his analysis relates, in part, to the Goethean method of examining how individual organisms follow fundamental principles found in their universal forms. (shrink)

The model of language can relatively concretely reveal the mechanism of the epistemology, which is extended by the ontology that takes “person” as the unit. It unveils an intuitable dimension to represent the epistemolog’s paradigm and limitations. Deriving from the inherent relation between epistemology and ontology, the retrospection of the epistemology’s ontological origin can be actualized by locating or grasping the epistemological first person’s ontological essence. Hence, the illusional and frail essence of the ontology behind this epistemology would be uncovered. (...) “Person” is not a stable unit in the ontological world, since the application of this unit stimulates the development of the operating style of the epistemology which relies on the supplement of paradox. After this study that intends to get the epistemological and ontological truth of the current using nominative, the new era of one or more unknown but solid epistemology and its ontology will be gradually recognized. Furthermore, the circumstance of past and current philosophical study is going to be changed. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to explore some trans and feminist concerns about the gendered aspects of languages beyond English, focusing in particular on Spanish, Italian, and German. Historically, discussions about gendered language have often challenged the ways in which language can make women (in)visible by addressing the implicit and explicit androcentrism and sexism in our language. We call this the visibility project. Recently, questions surrounding trans-inclusiveness and the possibility of avoiding gender markers altogether have become more prominent, often (...) highlighting the issue of pronouns (e.g. the singular "they*). We call this the gender-neutrality project. However, anglophone philosophy offers a very limited discussion on how either gender-neutrality or visibility strategies could be applied to languages more gendered than English. To address this, we start by showing how gender expresses itself in the grammatical structure of our three sample languages, and identifying some of the specific visibility and neutrality strategies that could be (or are already) applied to them. This leads us to articulate an "innovative project which constructs nuanced and novel ways to transform gendered grammatical structures. Depending on their application, these strategies can fulfil gender-neutrality goals in some cases and visibility goals in others. This highlights, among other things, the ways in which genderqueer people have attempted to shape their linguistic resources in different linguistic contexts, while also opening up avenues for new research when it comes to discussions of gender and language. (shrink)

I argue that generic generalizations expressed in language (i.e., “generics”) are apt for good clinical reasoning. I begin by introducing what generics are in language and describe two problems in the use and interpretation of generics: Generics can license inaccurate judgements about the frequency of events or properties within a group (i.e., a problem with the “truth-aptness” of generics) and can facilitate problematic beliefs about social kinds (e.g., prejudice or essentializing). I provide an account of clinical reasoning and describe some (...) features of what I call “good” clinical reasoning. I offer examples of generics in clinical contexts and examine how the two problems with generics (i.e., of truth-aptness and social generics) can be harmful to patients and impair clinical reasoning. However, I ultimately argue that generics are important for good clinical reasoning because they track “conspicuous” features of disease processes (e.g., severe possible outcomes). Further, I argue that prejudicial generics are often irrational to believe, and social generics that are rational to believe need not lead to problematic implicatures about social kinds and can, in principle, instead facilitate meaningfully articulating societal injustices. I then argue that statistical statements, which are tempting alternatives to generics in clinical reasoning, are no better than generics for good clinical reasoning, even with respect to the two problems identified in the use of generics. (shrink)

This paper presents some considerations regarding the National Common Curricular Base (BNCC), regarding issues related to the teaching of the Portuguese language in Brazil, territoriality and racial belonging, historical processes that involve, in the field of education, teacher training and the construction of citizenship of students in these times of reaffirmation of the democratic rule of law and the decolonial wave. Therefore, it is a political approach in terms of the thought of Paulo Freire, patron of Brazilian education, who considered (...) the act of educating to be political (FREIRE, 1980; 1983; 1989; 1996). It is based on this perspective that the BNCC will be approached, but under the theoretical contribution of pragmatic discourse analysis, tributary of discursive-deconstructive analysis (cf. ARAÚJO, 2020). (shrink)

This paper explores the hypothesis that proper names serve as anchors identifying the individuals in the possible or real world. This hypothesis is tested on Old Icelandic narratives. A prominent feature of Old Icelandic sagas is that the narrative matter is not quite new. A Saga is reliable iff it refers to the events relevant for its audience and accepted as true by the whole community. I argue that proper names must be regarded as references to the background knowledge of (...) the medieval audience. I follow two contemporary Sagas based on the fresh events and show that proper names in a Saga mind were arranged in form of a database, each type of a personal designation having its charachteristic text-building profile. The form of the name and its frequency in the Saga are linked with the rank of the character. The high number of people mentioned in the Sagas is explained by the fact that the Sagas aimed at describing the real world, where the names of the individuals and the events they were involved cross-identified each other. Every character had its rigid identifiers. The total amount of propria is always higher than the number of active figures. I classify the Saga characters into five ranks and discuss their information-structural profiles. (shrink)

This is a work in the philosophy of language and metasemantics. Its purpose is to help answer the question about how words acquire their meanings. The work is divided into two parts. The purpose of Part One is to defend the claim that, despite numerous attempts, the so-called Kripkenstein’s sceptical challenge, and especially the problem of finitude, has not been offered a successful straight solution. The purpose of Part Two is to critically examine Robert Brandom’s philosophy, which can be treated (...) as an answer to the sceptical challenge in my interpretation. My main claim is that although Brandom’s so-called normativist approach does provide a principled solution to the sceptical challenge, the proposal faces a host of other problems in the light of which I reject it. -/- What is Kripkenstein’s sceptical challenge? The name 'Kripkenstein' is an abbreviation used in the literature for Saul Kripke’s reading of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s later works, published in 1982. In the long essay, Kripke presents (that Wittgenstein presented) a sceptical challenge that demands an explanation of how any word can have a determinate meaning. The challenge is usually thought to consist of three interrelated problems: (1) the problem of finitude, (2) the problem of error, and (3) the problem of normativity. Following Martin Kusch, I view the problem of finitude as the most important one. According to the problem, briefly, since any actual subject is a finite being, i.e. capable of exhibiting only finite expressions of linguistic signs, it will always be possible to ask whether, in a given context, she is following a rule S1 or rule S2 that corresponds to the meaning of the sign. For example, supposing that the sign in question is '+', it can be asked whether the subject in a given context has followed the addition rule or an alternative quaddition rule, according to which any addition problem exceeding certain arbitrary cardinality results in five. According to the hypothesis, the actual use of '+' by any speaker is compatible with both rules. Since any speaker has only finite dispositions to the mathematical conduct, there will always be some limit after which there is no fact of the matter, according to the sceptic, which rule the subject will have turned out to have followed. Hence, it is indeterminate whether any actual subject has ever calculated according to the addition rule or the quaddition rule. -/- From my view, despite the work of Kripke and Kusch, the problem of finitude has not been taken as seriously as it ought to have been. This in turn has significant consequences for the metasemantic theory concerning the origin and nature of meaning. In particular, I claim that the way how the meaning of words is determined must be understood as temporal in nature. Moreover, I claim that Kripke’s causal-historical account of reference can work as a non-straight solution to the challenge that explains how at least the meanings of some words can be temporally determined. -/- One central aim of Brandom’s philosophy is to give a straight answer to the problem of finitude by providing an answer to the problem of normativity. However, I claim that Brandom’s version of the 'normativity of meaning' hypothesis cannot work as he intends. The key issues are difficult to summarise, but to put it succinctly, the crucial problem concerns Brandom’s ambition to give an answer to a version of Agrippa’s trilemma, or how a chain of justifications can end in anything else than (i) premises that have already been used, (ii) a primitive premise, or an (iii) infinitude of premises. My claim is that Brandom’s resolution to the trilemma is not sound. (shrink)

This research presents an analysis of the pericope of 2 Thessalonians 2 from the perspective of the linguistic phenomenon of deixis. And, in doing so, the theory of enunciation will be taken as a theoretical contribution, in order to highlight a small body of words that link the encoder to the enunciation situation. The asymmetry of the act of enunciation is recognized and, therefore, the interpreter's need to reconstruct its meaning from indications present in the enunciation. In the case of (...) the epistolary text, the presence of the deictic device is essential, since the communication situation lacks anchorage. Thus, the objective of this work is to identify the enunciative coordinates of the author (enunciator). (shrink)

تعالج هذه الورقة البحثية مدى مساهمة تدريس القيم المجالية في مادة الجغرافيا بالسلك الثانوي التأهيلي في تنمية التربية المجالية لدى المتعلمين بالسنة الأولى باكالوريا آداب وعلوم إنسانية، حيث يتميز البرنامج الدراسي المقرر لهذا المستوى بحضور مؤشرات عن التربية المجالية، وأجرأته عبر مضمون الوحدات الدراسية نموذج درس "الموارد الطبيعية: التشخيص وأساليب التدبير"، بهدف تكوين مواطن مسؤول عن سلوكه تجاه المجال، وقادر على تحمل مسؤولية حمايته والحفاظ على مختلف موارده, من خلال حسن تدبير وترشيد استغلال هذه الموارد بهدف تحقيق التنمية المستدامة. ........ (...) This research paper discusses the contribution of teaching spatial values in geography in secondary schools to instill spatial learning among arts and humanities learners in the first year baccalaureate .Indicators on spatial learning and its implementation are represented through the study units’ content, “Natural Resources: Diagnosis and Management Techniques”, as an example. This is to create a citizen responsible for his behavior towards his living environment, capable of shouldering responsibility for self-protection and for preserving his various resources, and aware of good governance to manage and rationalize the exploitation of these resources, as sustainable development states. (shrink)

فرضت التكنولوجيا الحديثة نفسها على كل فئات المجتمع، ودخلت من النوافذ قبل الأبواب، وأصبحت رمز التقدم الحضاري، وأصبح مقياس الأمية يقاس بمدى توفر البيئة الحاضنة لهذه التكنولوجيا، وبمدى استيعابها واستثمارها في مجالات الحياة التربوية واليومية، فكل تطور في المجتمع، لا بد وأن يصاحبه تطور في المجال التربوي، وهذا ما حصل بالفعل، فقد دخلت التكنولوجيا المدرسة والجامعة والمؤسسات العمومية، وأصبح العلم بالتكنولوجيا ومسايرة الركب المعلوماتي ضرورة ملحة في عصر المعرفة والمعلومات. ومما لا شك فيه أن دخول مجتمع المعرفة مجتمع التكنولوجيا، أصبح (...) ضرورة ملحة تمليها طبيعة العصر الذي نعيش فيه، فلم يعد السؤال المطروح اليوم هو: هل ندخل عصر المعرفة والتكنولوجيا أم لا؟ بل أصبح السؤال الحاسم الآن هو متى؟ وكيف؟ فلا مفر للدول النامية من خوض غمار التحدي المعرفي والتكنولوجي كشرط لقدرتها على مسايرة قطار تكنولوجيا المعلومات، فإدماج واستثمار التكنولوجيا في التعليم، يعد خطوة كبرى وفرصة ذهبية للتقدم بسرعة وبأقل كلفة، وذلك للتمكن من حجز مكان لنا جنبا إلى جنب مع الدول المتصدرة للركب الحضاري التكنولوجي. (shrink)

..............تقديم......... ..... الصديق الصادقي العماري.... احتلت الظاهرة الثقافة في الآونة الأخيرة مكانة متميزة في الأبحاث والدراسات على اختلاف أنواعها وتوجهاتها وتخصصاتها، خاصة مع الدراسات الاجتماعية، لأن الإنسان بطبعه كائن اجتماعي وثقافي في الآن نفسه، وبهذا يتميز بالتفاعل عبر علاقات اجتماعية متعددة مع الآخر المشابه أو المختلف، مما يؤدي إلى ثراء الخبرة والتجربة التي تساعد على التجديد والتحول في طريقة التفكير ونمط العيش وأسلوب الحياة، وخلال هذا التفاعل يتم إكساب العديد من النماذج والأشكال الثقافية بين الطرفين، الأمر الذي يدفعنا للقول بعدم (...) وجود ثقافة خالصة، وإنما هناك تداخل وتقاطع وتفاعل بين الثقافات. والحديث عن جمالية البنيات الثقافية والفنية في التراث المغربي خاصة، على اختلاف أشكالها وتلويناتها، يضعنا بداية أمام حقيقة وفعالية هذا التراث، وكيفية التعامل معه من حيث المنهج والأسلوب لإخضاعه للقراءة والتحليل والتمحيص. ومن دون شك أن المغرب يتمتع بتعدد ثقافي وفني عريق، يختلف من منطقة إلى أخرى بتعبيراته وأشكاله وأنواعه حسب اللغة واللهجة ونمط العيش، ومدى بعده أو قربه من المدينة، وحتى داخل المدن نفسها وغيرها من المحددات الجغرافية والاقتصادية والثقافية. فالتراث الثقافي كنص من النصوص بما يتضمنه من تعبيرات مختلفة سواء تعلق الأمر بالعادات والتقاليد والمسرح والأنظمة السياسية...، يمتلك قوة التأثير وسلطة الإلزام، لأنه ينساب ويتوزع وفق أنساق ثقافية لها أبعادها وخلفياتها وامتداداتها التاريخية، فهو يختزل كل معالم التعبير الفني والجمالي إما عن طريق الكلمة أو الرمز، من خلال خطاب واضح المعالم مؤسس على قواعد وأصول متعارف عليها بين أفراد الجماعة الاجتماعية، وهي أسس جامعة لا يجب الخروج عليها. فاللحمة وكل أشكال التضامن والحافظية والمحافظة نابعة من عمق هذا التراث، ومن مدى قدرته على بناء حصن مانع ضد الانقسام والتفرقة. وفي هذا الإطار، سواء تعلق الأمر بالأشكال التعبيرية الفنية أو البنيات الاجتماعية الحاضنة لهذه الأشكال، فإن التراث الشعبي من جنوب المغرب إلى شماله يتقاطع في ما هو مشترك بين المغاربة جميعا من حيث القيم والأخلاق الجمعية الناظمة لهذا الشكل أو ذاك، غير أن الإشكال المحوري يتمثل في طريقة استنطاق الموروث الثقافي، وبالتالي تفتح مجموعة من السبل والاختيارات خاصة أمام الباحثين. منهم من سعى لتأصيل التراث وإظهاره بشكل وفي للأصالة بمعزل عن الثقافات الأخرى المختلفة، ومنهم من حاول أن يجعل منها جسر تواصل مع الآخر في إطار الكونية التي تختزل فضاء بينيا تتقاطع فيه جميع الأشكال الثقافية أجل ضمان تفاعل وتدافع إيجابي بين الشعوب والحضارات. لذلك جاء العدد 29 من مجلة وادي درعة المحكمة لإلقاء الضوء على مجموعة من الموضوعات الثقافية من أجل التعريف بها وإظهار ما تتوفر عليه من أشكال تعبيرية، كذلك لإثارة العديد من الإشكالات الأدبية والفنية ولاجتماعية والسياسة والاقتصادية وغيرها، التي من شأنها أن تساعد القارئ على فهم وإدراك الرموز والدلالات التي يختزنها الموروث الثقافي، والقدرة على تحليل الخطاب الذي يسعى إلى تبليغه. (shrink)

Este trabalho trata do conceito Exu Diaspórico, o qual foi forjado para lidar com as pesquisas empíricas situadas dentro do quadro teórico da vaga decolonial. Sua concepção está ligada às tradições iorubanas diaspóricas nessa parte do Atlântico Sul onde emergiram outros sistemas resultantes, quer seja de fragmentos e vestígios de narrativas em gestos de memória e resistência, quer seja da tradução realizada pelo outro, muitas vezes, por meio de um processo de carnavalização cultural, que, por sua vez, se deu pela (...) convivência com os bantu, com os povos autóctones e com o colonizador europeu. Este conceito se articula com o conceito de língua-linguagem como encruzilhada apresentado por Araújo (2021a), mas pode ser tomado, ainda, de forma independente. Portanto, trata-se de uma discussão conceitual que visa contribuir com as reflexões e pesquisas decoloniais. O conceito também está a cargo de noções como negritude e Baianidade. Contudo, ele aparece para reunir todas as representações de Exu que resultaram da diáspora negra em meio a um processo de carnavalização das tradições iorubanas em contato com outras culturas e cosmologias. (shrink)

Este estudio se ocupa del control social del cuerpo y de la reconfiguración de la memoria popular en películas de horror a través de la perspectiva genealógica de Foucault, presentada en su libro Vigilar y Castigar, publicado hace 40 años. Por lo tanto, tomaremos, À l’interieur e Frontière (s), dos producciones de horror cinematográfico hechas por directores franceses, ambos publicados en 2007. La hipótesis principal es que las películas de terror se muestran como una nueva forma de vigilancia y control (...) social del cuerpo. Por otro lado, también puede recodificar la memoria popular apropiándose de acontecimientos polítcos y/o revolucionarios como en las películas comentadas por Foucault en la revista Cahiers de Cinéma en 1974 políticas, aunque no sean las películas de terror. (shrink)

Here we present what we believe is a novel account of what languages are, along with an axiomatically rich representation of languages and language-related data that is based on this account. We propose an account of languages as aggregates of dispositions distributed across aggregates of persons, and in doing so we address linguistic competences and the processes that realize them. This paves the way for representing additional types of language-related entities. Like demographic data of other sorts, data about languages may (...) be of use to researchers in a number of areas, including biomedical research. Data on the languages used in clinical encounters are typically included in medical records, and capture an important factor in patient-provider interactions. Like many types of patient and demographic data, data on a person’s preferred and primary languages are organized in different ways by different systems. This can be a barrier to data integration. We believe that a robust framework for representing language in general and preferred and primary language in particular – which has been lacking in ontologies thus far – can promote more successful integration of language-related data from disparate data sources. (shrink)

The ontology of race is often seen as answering two central questions. First, do races exist? Second, if races do exist, then what are they? Consequently, determining the best methods for answering these questions falls within the metaontology of race. Within the ontology of race, it is common to select a privileged representation of race in order to draw ontological lessons. While ontological lessons are direct answers to the ontological questions raised above, privileged representations are the basis for inferring those (...) lessons. Using the Office of Management and Budget’s racial classification as an illustration, we argue that certain social-scientific methods are better than mainstream methods at ruling out just-so stories about race, and therefore outperform more mainstream philosophical methods in determining which representations of race should be privileged. In defending this position, we also argue that the widespread philosophical practice of sharply distinguishing social-scientific from ordinary-language conceptions of race is unmotivated. (shrink)

Numerous difficulties arising in connection with developing an ontology for linguistic entities can be thought of as manifestations of a more general problem, aptly characterized by David Lewis (1975) as a tension between two conflicting conceptions of language. On the one hand, our best theories model languages as abstract semantic systems—roughly, functions assigning meanings to expressions. On the other hand, we think of languages as contingent and changing social constructs—both grounded in, and grounding, various social relations and institutions of human (...) beings. There are various ways in which these conceptions appear to be in conflict. For instance, if languages are set-theoretical entities—as our best logical and linguistic theories would have it—how do we account for the fact that they change? Or that they could have been different in various respects? And how do we provide principled and noncircular conditions for set-membership, when there appears to be nothing in common to all tokens of the same expression other than belonging to the same type? This paper aims to develop an ontology of linguistic entities—specifically, of languages and linguistic communities—that can resolve these apparent tensions. (shrink)

In this thesis, the philosophical debate on conceptual relativism between Quine and Davidson is examined, along with their respective theories of interpretation. A new perspective on the issues raised by these philosophers in their theoretical accounts of linguistic comprehension is introduced through an examination of two research projects conducted in the paradigm of linguistic anthropology. The philosophical standpoints are analyzed against the background of the data these empirical projects deliver, and the question of their validity in the face of these (...) findings is explored. In the light of the presented research, Davidson’s account grounded in the principle of charity is deemed as more empirically plausible than Quine’s theory, which stands on the existence of alternative conceptual schemes. In addition, the current analysis itself is investigated as a case-study in the considerations regarding the relationship between empirical science and philosophy. (shrink)

Linguistic studies from discursive perspective emphasize the concept of semantic autonomy and deny the realist notion of language. They argue that knowledge of social meaning and the effects of language are important to understanding a text. For Michel Pêcheux, in a speech, the meaning of word scan be explained by the interrelationship between words, more specifically, by the words that were not said. Meaning is thought of as symbolic, neither fixed nor exact. But Eric Donald Hirsch argued that the text (...) means what its author meant, and therefore the reader's aim is to retrieve the author's intended meaning. Only authorial intent can validate an interpretation. From the set who diverging points of view, some questions emerged, such as, for example, is language a neutral means of reflecting the world? Is a meaning by public consensus possible? Is textual meaning a matter of conscience or words? And more, can the reader benefit from an interpretive perspective that goes beyond the grammatical boundary? These are the questions that this work intends to explore. (shrink)

A Certain Gesture: Evnine's Batman Meme Project and Its Parerga! is an entirely original kind of work. It takes the form of commentaries on memes made with the image of Batman slapping Robin. The commentaries are written as if they were not authored by the same person who made the memes, allowing the author to consider himself and his work from the outside. The book defies genre by mixing discussions of philosophy, psychoanalysis, Judaism, language, and representation with self-writing and autotheory. (...) These are juxtaposed like the items in a cabinet of curiosities or topics in an analytic patient’s free association. Both pre-modern and post-modern in its inspiration, it is cerebral, playful, social, and intensely personal. It contains philosophy, including original philosophical research, but also explores new ways of doing and thinking about philosophy. (shrink)

English is essential as an effective communication tool in both local and international contexts. In addition to being used in schools, it is also a teaching tool in colleges and universities. ESL (English as a Second Language) classes are now required in all educational institutions and can't be skipped. When learning a second language, anyone must be physically, mentally, and emotionally involved to communicate and understand what is being said. This systematic review employed qualitative documentary research and adopted content analysis. (...) Following a random selection of reliable and legitimate sources, purposive sampling was used to conduct a content analysis of the selected papers. For this systematic review, sources from EBSCO, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect were used. The findings reveal that English-language obstacles in this article include English learners' writing, speaking, listening, reading, translation, and interpretation skills. The conclusion focuses on English learning obstacles and their improvement through teaching methods and educational technology adoption. The recommendation is to look into quantitative and qualitative research for further study. (shrink)

In this paper, we discuss the conceptualization of space as a dimension relevant to personal identity and the central role that is attributed to language with respect to its constitution. It is argued that the identification with a certain geographical space and the use of certain language or linguistic variety can be regarded as crucial for the self-definition of individuals and also groups. We pursue a threefold goal: to highlight the contribution of geographical research to our understanding of the self (...) as a phenomenon situated in space; to discern merits, but also problems related to the recent strong emphasis of the role of language with respect to identity constitution, especially in constructivist and poststructuralist approaches; and on the basis of these findings, to draw conclusions concerning the given and constructed elements of identity, with a particular focus on space and language. In addition to a survey of relevant theoretical positions, empirical examples are presented with the aim to illustrate how geographically marked identity is constituted. (shrink)

This paper is a pastiche of the Lacanian philosopher Renata Salecl, my fourth attempt, combined with a note. In it I present a response I anticipate from analytic philosophy to the thesis that the signifier has priority over the signified: that this thesis is either trivially true or obviously false.

We investigate the morphosyntax of qualitative binominal constructions (QBCs) in a Southern Italo-Romance language from the Apulian town of San Marco in Lamis. QBCs are complex noun phrases like ‘a jewelN1 of a villageN2’, appearing here prepositionally (with the preposition də, ‘of’, allowing definites, indefinites, and demonstratives) and non-prepositionally (only allowing definites with definite articles and not proper names). We propose that in the latter, a categorial match in the determiner layer, which we call ‘match D’, relates N1 and N2. (...) N1 is embedded as a noun, allowing for: 1) the recursive DP strategy of non-prepositional genitives, and 2) the extension of this mechanism to QBCs. This leads to the impossibility of syntactic extraction, which we connect to the concept of phase. With non-denominal N1s, N1’s article is treated as a head-agreeing adjectival linker, forming a constituent with the modifier but agreeing with the head. A phrase is interpreted as a QBC if N1 and N2 share the same number features and if the features of N1 do not allow for it to be interpreted as the possessum of N2 . We also discuss external agreement with the construction, presenting data supporting the relevance of the [+HUMAN] feature for agreement relations. (forthcoming, Italian Journal of Linguistics). (shrink)

Esta entrevista realizada al primer vicepresidente de la Academia Nacional de Letras de Uruguay, Gerardo Caetano, tiene como propósito debatir sobre la situación política que atraviesa Latinoamérica, a partir de los cuestionamientos que se han hecho acerca de algunos conceptos fundamentales, como el que se entiende por democracia. Las respuestas que brinda el doctor son esenciales, puesto que efectúa un recuento de la historia de los dos últimos siglos para confrontar el panorama que se aprecia en las coyunturas nacionales actuales (...) y el rol que ejercen otras instituciones u organismos, como la prensa. (shrink)

English is spoken all around the world as it is chosen as the second language to speak within most of the countries. However, from the ancient history of the British to come into this South Asian region, the entrance of English as a speaking language happened. Though, after some centuries, the British went out of the mainland of India, it remains the second-largest spoken language there. Here comes another fact; many words in Standard English changed its form. So, this made (...) the dialects as much as changed that many ones refer to English in India as Indian English. In this present time, though, there are hundreds of languages chosen to speak Indian English that differ in many ways. The characters playing English roles also have a dialect changing of English in somewhat ways. Though the grammars and principal terms of English are still the same for Indian English, deviations came across the spoken language in many attributes. This paper identifies the entrance of English in India, the deviation of dialect change in Indian English with examples of characters still making way to English (Both British and Hollywood) movies with the dialects of Indian English many ways. The paper studies those ways and deviations of words in English in India that they use and call it Indian English. (shrink)

Eine Untersuchung der Präpositionen bei Leibniz kann aufgrund ihrer synkatego-rematischen Natur zeigen, in welchem Sinne die Sprache - als strukturiertes, bedeutendes Zeichensystem – das logische Verhältnis unter den Notionen ausdrü-cken kann, und damit der Zusammenhang zwischen Grammatik und Semantik einerseits, und Logik anderseits, erhellen. Meiner Ansicht nach bekommt auch Leibniz' Versuch des Aufbaus einer characteristica universalis dank dieser Per-spektive ein neues Forschungsinteresse. Um das Interesse für diese Redeteile zu wecken, werde ich zuvor in einem kurzen Exkurs die vorgängige Tradition dar-stellen. (...) Das Ziel ist, zu zeigen, was die Unterscheidung zwischen Kategoremen und Synkategoremen innerhalb der Tradition der sogenannten Mentalsprache im-pliziert; welche Fragen ihre Analyse erhoben hat und was diese Unterscheidung bei einem für Leibniz wichtigen Denker, wie Joachim Jungius, bedeutet. Beson-ders zeige ich, wie die Unterscheidung Kategoreme – Synkategoreme der zwi-schen Begriff und modi des Begreifens entspricht. Danach analysiere ich die viel-fältige Betrachtung dieser Redeteile bei Leibniz in Bezug auf seine Zurückfüh-rung der Präpositionen auf eine räumliche Grundbedeutung. Zum Schluss versu-che ich zu zeigen, warum diese Redeteile als cogitationes caecae bei Leibniz interpretiert werden können und welche Schlüsse man aus dieser Bestimmung im Rahmen von Leibniz‟ Sprachphilosophie ziehen darf. (shrink)

Detendo-se na questão do simbólico, que, precedendo e excedendo a razão, se impõe como fundamento da condição de uma existência que não tende a dialogar senão com a possibilidade, o artigo em questão investiga a sua emergência através das formas que se inter-relacionam na constitutividade da realidade (a saber, a linguagem, o mito, a religião), recorrendo à noção do sistema proposto pela leitura de Ernst Cassirer, que instaura um processo que do pertencimento à espécie animal à fala, do mythos ao (...) lógos, acena com a experiência da autoconstrução humana, convergindo para possibilitar, em suma, antes do que o conhecimento do Ser, a sua criação. (shrink)

"O pensamento, dócil à voz do ser, procura encontrar-lhe a palavra através da qual a verdade do ser chegue à linguagem. Apenas quando a linguagem do homem historial emana da palavra, está ela inserida no destino que lhe foi traçado. Atingido, porém, este equilíbrio em seu destino, então lhe acena a garantia da voz silenciosa de ocultas fontes. O pensamento do ser protege a palavra e cumpre nesta solicitude seu destino. Este é o cuidado pelo uso da linguagem. O dizer (...) do pensamento vem do silêncio longamente guardado e da cuidadosa clarificação do âmbito nele aberto. De igual origem é o nomear do poeta. Mas, pelo fato de o igual somente ser igual enquanto é distinto, e o poetar e o pensar terem a mais pura igualdade no cuidado da palavra, estão ambos, ao mesmo tempo, maximamente separados em sua essência. O pensador diz o ser. O poeta nomeia o sagrado.” (Martin Heidegger). Deixando “transparecer” um mistério do Ser, a poesia fenomenológica e neo-simbolista de Quase Sagrado converge para uma mediação entre existência e transcendência através de um conteúdo que desnuda o diálogo entre a finitude e a infinitude que se impõe à experiência do homem como um ser em devir, remetendo à dimensão metafísica da realidade vivida e à linguagem como possibilidade de revelação do Absoluto em uma relação que atribui ao poético a condição originária, qual seja, um lugar de escuta e de resposta que mais do que a representação das coisas, se lhes confere ser e presença. Propondo uma viagem interior ao Ser através de uma abordagem meditativa que possibilita a emergência do essencial em sua condição oculta, Quase Sagrado desvela a riqueza do mistério inesgotável que envolve a Sua manifestação que, escapando ao exercício de fundamentação atrelado ao pensamento, mantém-se sob o abrigo da linguagem que, longe de consistir em um mero instrumento de comunicação ou exteriorização, encerra o pertencimento do homem em sua individualidade concreta e subjetividade empírica às fronteiras da linguagem e implica que a relação do sujeito com a linguagem acena com a sua própria relação com o Ser. Dessa forma, convergindo para o mítico abismo da origem, Quase Sagrado escapa à concepção humanista que atribui ao homem o poder de autoconstituição do eu transcendental e a capacidade de autossuficiência, na medida em que pretende conservar a precariedade da condição que caracteriza a relação do sujeito com o Ser através do simbólico e da linguagem da metáfora que, dialogando com o horizonte pobre e fragmentário do claro-escuro, encerra a possibilidade de revelação que o atalho lógico-racional nega, tendo em vista guardar o sentido que somente emerge na errância e no jogo sem cálculo e destituído de objetivo de um pensamento que não impõe à verdade uma noção baseada na certeza das representações do sujeito em sua ilusória soberania mas vislumbra na sua constituição a ocultação e a dissimulação em um movimento que implica o desvelamento do Ser e o retorno ao seu fundamento. (shrink)

"E como suportaria eu ser homem se o homem não fosse também poeta e decifrador de enigmas e redentor do acaso?" (Friedrich Nietzsche). Destituída de pretérito enquanto dimensão em cujas fronteiras supostamente guarda raízes, emergindo então como tal, a imagem poética, segundo Gaston Bachelard, consiste em uma súbita erupção do psiquismo em um movimento que se sobrepõe à noção de princípio e à relação de causalidade que caracterizam a reflexão filosófica e o pensamento científico no processo de construção lógico-racional, na (...) medida em que escapa ao caráter de um impulso propriamente dito e à condição de eco de um passado, a despeito de sua correspondência com um arquétipo, tendo em vista que, como êxtase, por intermédio da explosão do seu conteúdo imagístico, da sua irrupção, alcança os recônditos do outrora e, dessa forma, desnuda os códigos ético-lógicos e histórico-culturais que interagem no devir da memória e na constituição do seu arcabouço identitário na experiência existencial de transformação de si que repercute sem cessar no instante poético. Carregando uma sonoridade do ser, a imagem que germina do exercício poético e da experiência existencial que a encerra como relação do ente humano enquanto existente singular com o próprio Ser converge para uma fala que envolve o âmago mesmo do ser em uma construção que pressupõe a dialética entre forma e matéria na dimensão da imaginação, na medida em que o verbo que corporifica a criação poética na linguagem guarda correspondência com uma causa formal em um movimento que traz como princípio uma causa sentimental neste esforço cuja instauração conjuga forças imaginantes que, em suma, tendem, ou a se deter nas fronteiras do acontecimento inesperado, ou a se deter nas fronteiras do ser em uma aspiração irreprimível de encontrar em suas profundezas o primitivo e o eterno. Princípio de excitação imediata do devir psíquico, a imaginação institui a ruptura diante do estável que caracteriza o existente singular na ocupação consigo próprio em relação ao processo de produção dos meios de sua existência tanto quanto, dessa forma, de si mesmo, na medida em que converge para as fronteiras que encerram hipóteses de vida através de um movimento que implica a formação de um mundo que, guardando raízes na dimensão onírica, envolve infinitas possibilidades de superação de si em uma construção poética que emerge no ímpeto de devir humano e se torna o ápice de uma inspiração que expõe a palavra em sua condição originária, a saber, nova. Se a imaginação carrega a capacidade de produzir o que se impõe à visão, tornando o homem em sua individualidade concreta criador, na medida em que possibilita trazer à luz o que está para além da apreensão lógico-racional das fronteiras da dimensão do ver em um exercício que se sobrepõe ao modo do ser em sua disposição fática na imanência por intermédio de um processo de derivação que encerra um mundus contra mundum (contra-mundo) e consiste em um movimento que guarda correspondência com o mistério original e originário da formação da forma, diante do qual o criador humano se opõe em virtude do conhecimento da sua condição de “secundaridade” que converge para uma relação que implica a apropriação de um conteúdo através de um horizonte de Revelação e Verdade que tende a torná-lo próprio em uma construção que mantém raízes na translatio ou transposição de uma inexplicabilidade sistemática (verdade) na fusão ou interação do religioso e do mítico que eleva ao topos (ou ou-topos) o poeta na eclosão dialética do pré-texto de transcendência. (shrink)

Near the end of 'Naming the Colours', Lewis (1997) makes an interesting claim about the relationship between linguistic and mental content; we are typically unable to read the content of a belief off the content of a sentence used to express that belief or vice versa. I call this view autonomism. I motivate and defend autonomism and discuss its importance in the philosophy of mind and language. In a nutshell, I argue that the different theoretical roles that mental and linguistic (...) content play suggest these kinds of content should be understood as sensitive to different things. (shrink)

Language defines human existence. Yet defining language is a fraught project. I use the term "language" to refer to a specific mode of information transfer. First, it is a communicative mode. By communication I mean the information transfer serves a function, that is, an activity that occurs because it has increased the evolutionary fitness of ancestors. Secondly, while all communication is governed by norms, human communication, as opposed to biological communication, is governed by norms that have evolved within the learned (...) traditions of individual cultures. The meaning of an assertion in a culture’s language is the set of commitments to which that culture holds its speakers when they utter that assertion. Syntax has appeared in recent evolution to facilitate and enrich the communicative function, but it is a secondary aspect of language. The defining characteristic of human communication, of "language," -- is its capacity to constitute meaning. (shrink)