Pełnomocnik w języku Swift
Pełnomocnik to strukturalny wzorzec projektowy według którego obiekt-usługodawca używany przez klienta jest zastępowany przez obiekt zastępczy, zwany pełnomocnikiem. Pełnomocnik przechwytuje żądania od klienta, wykonuje jakąś pracę (kontrola dostępu, zarządzanie pamięcią podręczną, itp.) a następnie przekazuje żądanie usługodawcy.
Obiekt będący pełnomocnikiem ma ten sam interfejs co usługodawca, co czyni go wymienialnym z obiektem usługodawcy dotychczas przekazywanym klientowi.
Złożoność:
Popularność:
Przykłady użycia: Pełnomocnik nie jest częstym gościem w aplikacjach napisanych w Swift, ale w niektórych wyjątkowych sytuacjach bardzo się przydaje. Jest niezastąpiony wszędzie tam, gdzie trzeba dodać jakąś funkcjonalność obiektowi istniejącej klasy bez zmiany kodu klienta.
Identyfikacja: Pełnomocnicy delegują całą faktyczną pracę innemu obiektowi. Każda metoda pełnomocnika powinna odnosić się do obiektu-usługodawcy, chyba, że pełnomocnik jest klasą pochodną usługi.
Przykład koncepcyjny
Poniższy przykład ilustruje strukturę wzorca Pełnomocnik ze szczególnym naciskiem na następujące kwestie:
- Z jakich składa się klas?
- Jakie role pełnią te klasy?
- W jaki sposób elementy wzorca są ze sobą powiązane?
Poznawszy strukturę wzorca będzie ci łatwiej zrozumieć następujący przykład, oparty na prawdziwym przypadku użycia Swift.
Example.swift: Przykład koncepcyjny
import XCTest /// The Subject interface declares common operations for both RealSubject and /// the Proxy. As long as the client works with RealSubject using this /// interface, you'll be able to pass it a proxy instead of a real subject. protocol Subject { func request() } /// The RealSubject contains some core business logic. Usually, RealSubjects are /// capable of doing some useful work which may also be very slow or sensitive - /// e.g. correcting input data. A Proxy can solve these issues without any /// changes to the RealSubject's code. class RealSubject: Subject { func request() { print("RealSubject: Handling request.") } } /// The Proxy has an interface identical to the RealSubject. class Proxy: Subject { private var realSubject: RealSubject /// The Proxy maintains a reference to an object of the RealSubject class. /// It can be either lazy-loaded or passed to the Proxy by the client. init(_ realSubject: RealSubject) { self.realSubject = realSubject } /// The most common applications of the Proxy pattern are lazy loading, /// caching, controlling the access, logging, etc. A Proxy can perform one /// of these things and then, depending on the result, pass the execution to /// the same method in a linked RealSubject object. func request() { if (checkAccess()) { realSubject.request() logAccess() } } private func checkAccess() -> Bool { /// Some real checks should go here. print("Proxy: Checking access prior to firing a real request.") return true } private func logAccess() { print("Proxy: Logging the time of request.") } } /// The client code is supposed to work with all objects (both subjects and /// proxies) via the Subject interface in order to support both real subjects /// and proxies. In real life, however, clients mostly work with their real /// subjects directly. In this case, to implement the pattern more easily, you /// can extend your proxy from the real subject's class. class Client { // ... static func clientCode(subject: Subject) { // ... subject.request() // ... } // ... } /// Let's see how it all works together. class ProxyConceptual: XCTestCase { func test() { print("Client: Executing the client code with a real subject:") let realSubject = RealSubject() Client.clientCode(subject: realSubject) print("\nClient: Executing the same client code with a proxy:") let proxy = Proxy(realSubject) Client.clientCode(subject: proxy) } } Output.txt: Wynik działania
Client: Executing the client code with a real subject: RealSubject: Handling request. Client: Executing the same client code with a proxy: Proxy: Checking access prior to firing a real request. RealSubject: Handling request. Proxy: Logging the time of request. Przykład z prawdziwego życia
Example.swift: Przykład z prawdziwego życia
import XCTest class ProxyRealWorld: XCTestCase { /// Proxy Design Pattern /// /// Intent: Provide a surrogate or placeholder for another object to control /// access to the original object or to add other responsibilities. /// /// Example: There are countless ways proxies can be used: caching, logging, /// access control, delayed initialization, etc. func testProxyRealWorld() { print("Client: Loading a profile WITHOUT proxy") loadBasicProfile(with: Keychain()) loadProfileWithBankAccount(with: Keychain()) print("\nClient: Let's load a profile WITH proxy") loadBasicProfile(with: ProfileProxy()) loadProfileWithBankAccount(with: ProfileProxy()) } func loadBasicProfile(with service: ProfileService) { service.loadProfile(with: [.basic], success: { profile in print("Client: Basic profile is loaded") }) { error in print("Client: Cannot load a basic profile") print("Client: Error: " + error.localizedSummary) } } func loadProfileWithBankAccount(with service: ProfileService) { service.loadProfile(with: [.basic, .bankAccount], success: { profile in print("Client: Basic profile with a bank account is loaded") }) { error in print("Client: Cannot load a profile with a bank account") print("Client: Error: " + error.localizedSummary) } } } enum AccessField { case basic case bankAccount } protocol ProfileService { typealias Success = (Profile) -> () typealias Failure = (LocalizedError) -> () func loadProfile(with fields: [AccessField], success: Success, failure: Failure) } class ProfileProxy: ProfileService { private let keychain = Keychain() func loadProfile(with fields: [AccessField], success: Success, failure: Failure) { if let error = checkAccess(for: fields) { failure(error) } else { /// Note: /// At this point, the `success` and `failure` closures can be /// passed directly to the original service (as it is now) or /// expanded here to handle a result (for example, to cache). keychain.loadProfile(with: fields, success: success, failure: failure) } } private func checkAccess(for fields: [AccessField]) -> LocalizedError? { if fields.contains(.bankAccount) { switch BiometricsService.checkAccess() { case .authorized: return nil case .denied: return ProfileError.accessDenied } } return nil } } class Keychain: ProfileService { func loadProfile(with fields: [AccessField], success: Success, failure: Failure) { var profile = Profile() for item in fields { switch item { case .basic: let info = loadBasicProfile() profile.firstName = info[Profile.Keys.firstName.raw] profile.lastName = info[Profile.Keys.lastName.raw] profile.email = info[Profile.Keys.email.raw] case .bankAccount: profile.bankAccount = loadBankAccount() } } success(profile) } private func loadBasicProfile() -> [String : String] { /// Gets these fields from a secure storage. return [Profile.Keys.firstName.raw : "Vasya", Profile.Keys.lastName.raw : "Pupkin", Profile.Keys.email.raw : "vasya.pupkin@gmail.com"] } private func loadBankAccount() -> BankAccount { /// Gets these fields from a secure storage. return BankAccount(id: 12345, amount: 999) } } class BiometricsService { enum Access { case authorized case denied } static func checkAccess() -> Access { /// The service uses Face ID, Touch ID or a plain old password to /// determine whether the current user is an owner of the device. /// Let's assume that in our example a user forgot a password :) return .denied } } struct Profile { enum Keys: String { case firstName case lastName case email } var firstName: String? var lastName: String? var email: String? var bankAccount: BankAccount? } struct BankAccount { var id: Int var amount: Double } enum ProfileError: LocalizedError { case accessDenied var errorDescription: String? { switch self { case .accessDenied: return "Access is denied. Please enter a valid password" } } } extension RawRepresentable { var raw: Self.RawValue { return rawValue } } extension LocalizedError { var localizedSummary: String { return errorDescription ?? "" } } Output.txt: Wynik działania
Client: Loading a profile WITHOUT proxy Client: Basic profile is loaded Client: Basic profile with a bank account is loaded Client: Let's load a profile WITH proxy Client: Basic profile is loaded Client: Cannot load a profile with a bank account Client: Error: Access is denied. Please enter a valid password